2.-Scientific-Writing-1-General-Linguistic-feature

176PARTFOURSCIENTIFICWRITING(科技论文写作)要点提示：科技论文的语言特色摘要部分的写作模式引言部分的写作模式结论部分的写作模式Focus:LinguisticfeaturesofscientificwritingAbstractIntroductionConclusion177Chapter23LinguisticFeaturesofScientificWriting(科技文章的语言特征)要点提示：词汇特征避免口语化动词名词化非人格化词汇专业化句法特征较多使用陈述句较多使用祈使句较多使用复杂句较多使用“It+be+adj./participle+thatclause…”句式时态特点时态的某些使用习惯一些例外情况Focus:LexicalfeaturesAvoidanceofcolloquialismNominalizationDepersonalizationProfessionalizedtermsSyntacticstructureIndicativesentencesImperativesentencesComplexsentences“It+be+adj./participle+thatclause…”TenseSomeconventionalusesoftenseSomeexceptions17823.1Lexicalfeatures(词汇特征)23.1.1Avoidanceofcolloquialism(避免口语化)Professionalpaperwritingisofaveryformalstylethatapproachestoasubjectofgreatimportance.Thewriteremploysaveryformaltone.Toachieveformality,theauthorhastowriteinaclear-cutmannerobjectivelyandsystematically.Therefore,heshouldavoidslang,dialecticphrases,colloquialexpressionsorinformalcontractions.Theinformalstyleofthefollowingparagraphisnotappropriateforacademicwritings.Politiciansandpoliticalpartiesmaybedifferentfromcountrytocountry,butIknowpeople'spoliticalviewsfallintoonlythreecategories.Firstistheconservative.Ihaven'ttraveledmuch,butinmyexperienceconservativesareallalikenomatterwheretheylive.Theywanttobecomfortable,buttheydon'twanttospendmuchonanyoneelse'scomfortorwelfare.Secondistheliberal.FromwhatI'vereadinthenewspapers,liberalsseemtowantthegovernmenttodoeverything.Theyusuallydon'thavemuchexperienceintherealworldofhardwork.Thirdarethemiddle-of-the-roaders.Middle-of-the-roaderscan'tmakeuptheirmindsaboutwhatsidetobeon.Inmyopinion,mostpeopleareinthisclass.Idon'tthinkIfitanyofthesecategories,butyoucanplacemostpeopleintooneofthesethreegroups.23.1.2Nominalization(动词名词化)Scientificwritingischaracterizedbynominalization.Nominalizationisthegrammaticalprocessofformingnounsfromotherpartsofspeech,usuallyverbs.e.g.Thisdisposalmethodcanexacerbateodoremissionsandcontributetosoilcontamination.Thenoundisposalisformedfromtheverbdispose,emissionfromemit,contaminationfromcontaminate.Nominalizationfreezesthedynamicprocessesexpressedbyverbsandmakesthemstaticforeasieranalysis.Nominalizationisconsideredasanimportantfeatureofscientificwritings.Ithelpsemphasizeaneventasanexistenceratherthanaprocessofdoing.23.1.3Depersonalization(非人格化)Animportantaspectinscientificwritingisthattheauthorityofpeopleissubordinatetotheauthorityofthesubjectmatter.Writersgenerallytendtoavoidtheimpressionoftheirpersonalinvolvementandhidetheiridentitiesbehindobjectiveexpressionoflanguage.Thisphenomenoninwritingiscalleddepersonalization.Aprudentscientistalwaysavoidsindicationofhispersonalinterpretationinresearchfindings.Reportsonlabexperimentsarebelievedto179produceaccuratedescriptionandarebestexpressedtobefacelessandagentlessforanappearanceofobjectivityandneutrality.Theuseofresearchsubjectmatterasthegrammaticalsubjectofasentence,theapplicationofpassivevoiceandavoidanceofpersonalindicators(e.g.pronounsormodals)areassumedtobethemostpopulartechniques.a.Theuseofresearchsubjectmatterasthegrammaticalsubjectreferstothefactthatthewriterplacesactionorwhatisacteduponratherthantheactorinthegrammaticalsubjectpositionofasentence.E.g.Anexperimentwascarriedouttoexplorehowdifferentmotivationsaffectmemorization.b.Aprofessionalpaperdealswiththestudyofsomeobjectivefactsorproblems,andtheconclusionthatisdrawnshouldbebasedonrelevantdata,notonpersonallikesordislikes.Thusthewritershouldavoidmodalsthatrevealthewriter’sattitudeorfeelings.Suchmodalsas“should”“need”and“may”areusedbutforobligation,necessityandprudenceofpropositions.Forexample:Thesurveywillhavelocatedthesourcesofaircontamination,ifany,andidentifiedthecontaminants.Ifanescapingsubstanceisofahighlytoxicnature—forexample.Leadfumes,mercuryvapor,orhydrogensulfidegas—theaimshouldbetopreventanyescape.Twomodalsareusedinthisshortexcerpt,“will”indicatingtimeand“should”indicatingobligation.c.Toavoidtheimpressionofpersonalinvolvement,thewritermakeslittleuseofthefirstperson“I”andthesecondperson“you”.Forexample,insteadof“inthisexperiment,IcomparedAandB”,thewritertendtoputitas“thisstudycomparedAandB”,or“AandBwerecomparedinthisstudy”.And“we”isusedonlywhenboththereaderandthewriterareincluded.d.Concerningtheuseofvoices,itiswidelyacceptedthatpassivesareappliedmuchmorefrequentlyinacademicpapersthaninmostothertypesofwritings,e.g.narratives,recipes,advertisements,etc.However,providedthattheactiveformofaverbcanappropriatelyexpresstheresearchsubjectmatterasthefocusofasentence,activevoiceispreferredtopassivevoice.Onlywhenaverbal,thoughconsideredasthebestchoicetoexpressthenotion,cannotexpresstheresearchsubjectmatterasthefocusofthesentenceinactivevoice,passivevoiceisusedtoretainthefocus.For180instance,intheaboveexample,inreality,betweentwopossiblechoices,“thisstudycomparedAandB”ismorepreferredto“AandBwerecomparedinthisexperiment”.23.1.4Professionalizedterms(词汇专业化)Thetermsorwordsusedinprofessionalpapersareprofessionalized.Let’staketheword“clause”asanexample.Ingrammar,itmeanscomponentofacompl