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NoamChomsky•“除了置疑一切，我不知道还有别的选择。”---------乔姆斯基MaininterestsLinguistics·Psychology·Philosophyoflanguage·Philosophyofmind·Politics·EthicsNotableideasGenerativegrammar,universalgrammar,transformationalgrammar,governmentandbinding,X-bartheory,Chomskyhierarchy,context-freegrammar,principlesandparameters,theminimalistprogram,languageacquisitiondevice,povertyofthestimulus,Chomsky-Schützenbergertheorem,ChomskyNormalForm,propagandamodelWefocuson1Transformational-GenerativeGrammar2CompetenceVsperformance3Deepstructureandsurfacestructure4TheInnatenessHypothesis1.Fivestagesofdevelopment生成语法理论1)TheClassicalTheory,古典理论（ClassicalTheory,1955—1965),whichaimstomakelinguisticsascience.SyntacticStructures,19752)TheStandardTheory,标准理论（StandardTheory,1965--1970）,whichdealswithhowsemanticsshouldbestudiedinalinguistictheoryAspectsoftheTheoryofSyntax,19653)TheExtendedStandardTheory,扩展的标准理论（ExtendedStandardTheory,1970—1980),whichfocusesdiscussiononlanguageuniversalsanduniversalgrammar.StudiesonSemanticinGenerativeGrammar,19724)TheRevisedExtendedStandardTheory修正的扩展标准理论（RevisedExtendedStandardTheory,1980—1992)(orGB),whichfocusesonGovernmentandBindingLecturesonGovernmentandBinding,19815)TheMinimalistProgram最简方案（MinimalistProgram)和最简探索（MinimalistInquires）,whichisafurtherrevisionoftheprevioustheory.TheMinimalProgram,1995MinimalistInquiries:TheFramework,1998TwoAspectsofTGGrammarTransformationalAspectGenerativeAspectThismeansthatagrammarmustgenerateallandonlygrammaticalsentencesofalanguage.Chomskyproposestheideaoftransformationwhichreferstoakindofprocessthattransformsonesentenceintoanother.CompetenceVsperformanceAsetofrulesthathavebeeninternalizedinaperson’smind.Anyactualutterancesaspeakermakesinaparticularsituation.•D-structure:thefirst,formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead’ssubcategorizationproperties.•S-structure:thesecond,correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations.DeepstructureandsurfacestructureSurfaceStructureSentencesorphrasesthatarepronouncedorwritten.?DeepStructureThestructurethatcontainsalltheunitsandrelationshipsthatarenecessaryforinterpretingthemeaningofthesentence.?DeepstructureSNPVPDetNInflVthetrainwillarriveSurfacestructureWillthetrainarrive?Languageacquisition•1Abehaviouristviewoflanguageacquisition•2Aninnatistviewoflanguageacquisition•3Aninteractionistviewoflanguageacquisition天赋假说及经验触发论•乔姆斯基认为语言是某种天赋，儿童天生就具有一种学习语言的能力，叫做“语言习得机制”（LAD）。这是一种很适合他们学习语言的独特的知识。在乔姆斯基看来，儿童生来就有一种独特的天赋才能。他们不仅有一般的倾向和潜力，而且有着关于世界本质的知识，尤其是关于语言本质的知识。按照他的观点，对语言或语言结构的研究能够揭示人类思维的本质。天赋假说及经验触发论•没有接触过语言，是不可能拥有语言能力的。这种自幼对人类语言的接触就是乔氏所说的经验的触发。例如:十几岁的“狼孩”不会说话，正是因为缺少了必要的客观条件即“经验”。TheInnatenessHypothesisHebelievesthatlanguageissomewhatinnate,andthatchildrenarebornwithwhathecallsaLanguageAcquisitionDevice,whichisauniquekindofknowledgethatfitsthemforlanguagelearning.Universalgrammar(UG)3.TheinfluenceInthelate1950s,theappearanceofTGGrammarinAmericaviolentlypunchedtheprevailingstructuralistdescriptivelinguistics.Chomsky'stheoriesarepopular,particularlyintheUnitedState,buttheyhaveneverbeenfreefromcontroversy.Criticismhascomefromanumberofdifferentdirections.Somecritics(seelanguagelearning)havequestionedwhetheritisnecessarytopositUniversalGrammarinordertoexplainchildlanguageacquisition,arguingthatdomain-generallearningmechanismsaresufficient.Todaytherearemanydifferentbranchesofgenerativegrammar;onecanviewgrammaticalframeworkssuchashead-drivenphrasestructuregrammar,lexicalfunctionalgrammarandcombinatorycategorialgrammarasbroadlyChomskyandgenerativeinorientation,butwithsignificantdifferencesinexecution.小结•“不论功与过，对与错，乔姆斯基的语法理论无疑是最有活力最有影响力的；任何一个语言学家，只要他不愿在自己的学科中落伍，都不敢漠视乔姆斯基的理论。现今每一个其他“流派”的语言学都要以乔姆斯基在某些问题上的观点为参照来界定自己的地位。”•Thanksforyourattention!