CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity免疫学预防和治疗CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity脊髓灰质炎Polio狂犬病Rabies风疹RubellaHepatitisB流感Influenza白喉diphtheria天花Smallpoxvirus轮状病毒RotavirusPertussis百日咳人类免疫御防的历史CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityEdwardJennerLouisPasteurJenner和Pasteur,著名的免疫学家,公认为免疫接种和主动免疫的先驱。CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity免疫接种的里程碑*埃及鼻吸粉状天花痂*天花接种传入英国,后传入美国*中国鼻吸天花痂*EdwardJenner发现天花疫苗*天花接种传入土耳其*Pasteur发现狂犬病减毒疫苗CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity患天花的小儿(Infantwithsmallpox)1979年WHO宣布在全球范围内消灭了天花病毒。CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityWHO宣称将在2003年在全球消灭脊髓灰质炎CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityMycobacteriumtuberculosis.HIV许多引起高死亡率和高发病率的疾病的控制有了极大的进展,但是,仍迫切需要大量的疫苗预防其他的疾病。每年,世界上仍有数以百万的人死于疟疾(malaria),结核(tuberculosis)和爱滋病(AIDS),原因是没有有效的疫苗来控制这些疾病。到九十年代末,已有40,000,000人死于爱滋病,9,000,000的儿童沦为孤儿。FourPlasmodiumspeciesareresponsibleforhumanmalaria,P.falciparum,P.vivax,P.ovaleandP.malariaeCollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity1.4million12,000270,000500,000210,000890,00022..5millionHowmanypeoplearelivingwithHIVinfectioninvariousregionsoftheworld?CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityThereremainstheneedtoimprovethesafetyandefficacyofpresentvaccinesandtofindwaystolowertheircostanddeliverthemefficientlytoallwhoneedthem,especiallyindevelopingcountriesoftheworld.TheWHOestimatesthat20%-35%ofinfantdeathsintheworldareduetodiseasesthatcouldbepreventedbyexistingvaccines.CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity二、免疫接种IMMUNIZATION免疫接种(Immunization)是一种对常见的致病的病原提供特异性的保护作用(specificprotection)。特异性免疫可通过两种方式获得:被动免疫(passive)或主动免疫(active),它们都可通过天然(natural)和人工(artificial)的途径获得。CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity免疫Immunity天然Innate获得性Acquired被动Passive主动Active人工Artificial天然Natural人工Artificial天然NaturalModesofimmunizationCollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityAcquisitionofpassiveandactiveimmunity被动免疫NaturalmaternalantibodyImmuneglobulinAntitoxin主动免疫Naturalinfection疫苗Vaccines减毒的微生物Attenuatedorganisms灭活的微生物Inactivatedorganisms纯化的微生物的分子Purifiedmicrobialmacromolecules类毒素ToxoidCollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityPreandpostvaccineincidenceofcommoninfectiousdiseasesPostPre102123456781041060Numberofcases1.Diphtheria白喉2.Pertussis百日咳3.Tetanus破伤风4.mohilus流感5.Poliovirus脊髓灰质炎6.Mumps流行性腮腺炎7.Measles麻疹8.Rubella风疹CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityvonBehring(一)PassiveImmunityEmialvonBehringandHidesaburoKitasatowerethefirsttoshowthatimmunityelicitedinoneanimalcanbetransferredtoanotherbyinjectingitwithserumfromthefirst.CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity没有抗原刺激免疫系统天然naturally人工artificially被动免疫PassiveImmunity将一个免疫了的供体(immunedonor)的血清或免疫球蛋白(gamma-globulins)转入到一个未免疫的个体的方式称为被动免疫。CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity天然被动免疫ImmunityistransferredfrommothertofetusthroughplacentaltransferofIgG.CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity人工被动免疫在急性感染、中毒过程中人工注射人的免疫球蛋白(同源蛋白)或免疫动物的免疫球蛋白破伤风抗毒素(异源蛋白)。在一些情况下,人免疫球蛋白是最理想的,其他来源的特异性抗体用于一些象中毒、白喉、破伤风、气性坏疽等重度病症。虽然这种免疫具有立即提供保护的优势,但异种免疫球蛋白只是短期有效,常常导致病理合并症(血清病)和过敏反应。同源性免疫球蛋白则具有传播肝炎和爱滋病的风险。CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity类毒素毒素马血清抗毒素超敏反应CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity下列情况需应用被动免疫1.免疫缺陷(Deficiency):先天或后天B细胞缺陷导致的抗体合成障碍或合并其他免疫缺陷。2.易感人群接触或可能接触某种疾病,而时间不允许主动免疫产生足够的保护作用。3.疾病已经存在,抗体起改善和帮助抑制毒素作用,如破伤风。CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityCommonagentsusedforpassiveimmunizationDiseaseAgent黑寡妇蜘蛛咬伤波特淋菌中毒白喉甲肝和乙肝麻疹狂犬病蛇咬伤破伤风马抗蛇毒血清马抗蛇毒血清马抗毒素血清人免疫球蛋白人免疫球蛋白人免疫球蛋白马抗蛇毒血清人免疫球蛋白或马抗毒素CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity某些疾病(cancer,immunodeficiency)可进行细胞免疫的被动转入。然而很难发现组织相容性(matched)的供体(donors),并有移植物抗宿主反应(graftversushostdisease)的巨大风险。被动免疫不能激活免疫系统,所以,不能产生记忆反应,其保护作用是短暂的。CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofPassiveImmunizationAdvantagesDisadvantages作用迅速作用时间短血清病感染肝炎和爱滋病移植物抗宿主反应(只见于细胞免疫)CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityNaturally天然Artificially人工ActiveImmunity主动免疫(二)ActiveImmunityTheactiveimmunityistheprocessthatthebodyproducetheantibodyfollowingexposuretoantigens.CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity天然主动免疫Exposuretodifferentpathogensleadstosub-clinicalorclinicalinfectionswhichresultinaprotectiveimmuneresponseagainstthesepathogens.自然感染或接触不同的病原性因子,引起亚临床或临床感染,机体可产生对这些致病因子的保护性免疫。CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity人工主动免疫通过注射等途径将活的或死的致病菌或其成分导入人体,而获得的免疫称为人工主动免疫。用于主动免疫的疫苗(Vaccines)包括活的(减毒attenuated)微生物,杀死的微生物,微生物的成分,或分泌的毒素(toxins)(脱毒的毒素detoxified).第一个活疫苗是牛痘病毒,由EdwardJenner用于防治天花的疫苗。用中期天花病人的脓汁给人“种痘”,至今已经100多年了。CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity天花病毒SmallpoxvirusThemummifiedheadofRamsesV(died1157BCE)withrashthatisprobablytheresultofsmallpox三、PASTSUCCESSESISMALLPOX(Variola)CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityThelastknownpersonintheworldtohavesmallpoxofanykind.Variolaminorin23-year-oldAliMaowMaalin,Merka,Somalia,1977CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversitySmallpoxlesionsonskinoftrunk(躯干的皮肤).PhototakeninBangladesh.CollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversityBoywithsmallpoxCollegeofLifeScienceShanDongNormalUniversity1)没有动物感染源和病毒储存的场所(Noanimalreservoir)2)终生免疫(Lifelongim