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英澳留学直通车水平测试题水平测试3©UCLES2009.Thismaterialmaybephotocopied(withoutalteration)anddistributedforclassroomuseprovidednochargeismade.ForfurtherinformationseeourTermsofUseat–SentenceCompletionQuestions1–4Completethesentencesbelow.WriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachanswer.1StudyingwiththeOpenUniversitydemandedagreatdealof………………….2StudyingandworkingatthesametimeimprovedRachel’s………………skills.3Itwashelpfulthatthecoursewasstructuredin……………..4Sheenjoyedmeetingotherstudentsat……………..IELTSListening–SummaryQuestions5–10Completethesummarybelow.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Thepeoplewhoaregoingto5_________________listentothetalkinthe6_________________.Atthebeginning,JohnParkertalksaboutthebestwaysofmaking7_________________becauseitmightbedifficulttomeetpeopleinaforeigncountry.Thefirstthingherecommendstodoistogetinvolvedin8_________________.Therearetheatregroups,9_________________andagroupforpeoplewhoareinterestedinlocalhistory.10_________________andthepubliclibraryarethebestplacestogetinformationconcerningdifferentgroups.英澳留学直通车水平测试题水平测试3©UCLES2009.Thismaterialmaybephotocopied(withoutalteration)anddistributedforclassroomuseprovidednochargeismade.ForfurtherinformationseeourTermsofUseat‘nicotianine’,theoilyessencenowcallednicotineisthemainactiveingredientoftobacco.Nicotine,however,isonlyasmallcomponentofcigarettesmoke,whichcontainsmorethan4,700chemicalcompounds,including43cancercausingsubstances.Inrecenttimes,scientificresearchhasbeenprovidingevidencethatyearsofcigarettesmokingvastlyincreasestheriskofdevelopingfatalmedicalconditions.Inadditiontobeingresponsibleformorethan85percentoflungcancers,smokingisassociatedwithcancersof,amongstothers,themouth,stomachandkidneys,andisthoughttocauseabout14percentofleukaemiaandcervicalcancers.In1990,smokingcausedmorethan84,000deaths,mainlyresultingfromsuchproblemsaspneumonia,bronchitisandinfluenza.Smoking,itisbelieved,isresponsiblefor30percentofalldeathsfromcancerandclearlyrepresentsthemostimportantpreventablecauseofcancerincountriesliketheUnitedStatestoday.Passivesmoking,thebreathinginoftheside-streamsmokefromtheburningoftobaccobetweenpuffsorofthesmokeexhaledbyasmoker,alsocausesaserioushealthrisk.Areportpublishedin1992bytheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)emphasizedthehealthdangers,especiallyfromside-streamsmoke.Thistypeofsmokecontainsmore,smallerparticlesandisthereforemorelikelytobedepositeddeepinthelungs.Onthebasisofthisreport,theEPAhasclassifiedenvironmentaltobaccosmokeinthehighestriskcategoryforcausingcancer.Asanillustrationofthehealthrisks,inthecaseofamarriedcouplewhereonepartnerisasmokerandoneanonsmoker,thelatterisbelievedtohavea30percenthigherriskofdeathfromheartdiseasebecauseofpassivesmoking.Theriskoflungcanceralsoincreasesovertheyearsofexposureandthefigurejumpsto80percentifthespousehasbeensmokingfourpacksadayfor20years.Ithasbeencalculatedthat17percentofcasesoflungcancercanbeattributedtohighlevelsofexposuretosecondhandtobaccosmokeduringchildhoodandadolescence.AmorerecentstudybyresearchersattheUniversityofCaliforniaatSanFrancisco(UCSF)hasshownthatsecondhandcigarettesmokedoesmoreharmtononsmokersthantosmokers.Leavingasidethephilosophicalquestionofwhetheranyoneshouldhavetobreathesomeoneelse’scigarettesmoke,thereportsuggeststhatthesmokeexperiencedbymanypeopleintheirdailylivesisenoughtoproducesubstantialadverseeffectsonaperson’sheartandlungs.英澳留学直通车水平测试题水平测试3©UCLES2009.Thismaterialmaybephotocopied(withoutalteration)anddistributedforclassroomuseprovidednochargeismade.ForfurtherinformationseeourTermsofUseat(AMA),wasbasedontheresearchers’ownearlierresearchbutalsoincludesareviewofstudiesoverthepastfewyears.TheAmericanMedicalAssociationrepresentsabouthalfofallUSdoctorsandisastrongopponentofsmoking.Thestudysuggeststhatpeoplewhosmokecigarettesarecontinuallydamagingtheircardiovascularsystem,whichadaptsinordertocompensatefortheeffectsofsmoking.Itfurtherstatesthatpeoplewhodonotsmokedonothavethebenefitoftheirsystemadaptingtothesmokeinhalation.Consequently,theeffectsofpassivesmokingarefargreateronnon-smokersthanonsmokers.Thisreportemphasizesthatcancerisnotcausedbyasingleelementincigarettesmoke;harmfuleffectstohealtharecausedbymanycomponents.Carbonmonoxide,forexample,competeswithoxygeninredbloodcellsandinterfereswiththeblood’sabilitytodeliverlife-givingoxygentotheheart.Nicotineandothertoxinsincigarettesmokeactivatesmallbloodcellscalledplatelets,whichincreasesthelikelihoodofbloodclots,therebyaffectingbloodcirculationthroughoutthebody.Theresearcherscriticizethepracticeofsomescientificconsultantswhoworkwiththetobaccoindustryforassumingthatcigarettesmokehasthesameimpactonsmokersasitdoesonnon-smokers.Theyarguethatthosesc