OMalley认知学习策略

DefinitionofCognitiveStrategiesCognitiveStrategiesaremorelimitedtospecificlearningtasksandinvolvemoredirectmanipulationofthelearningmaterialitself.FourteenCognitiveStrategies(O’Malleyetal.1985)1.Repetition:imitatingalanguagemodel,includingovertpracticeandsilentrehearsal.2.Resourcing:usingtargetlanguagereferencematerials3.DirectedPhysicalResponse:physicalaction4.Translation:usingthefirstlanguageasabaseforunderstandingand/orproducingthesecondlanguage.5.Grouping:reorderingorreclassifying,andperhapslabeling,thematerialtobelearnedbasedoncommonattributes.FourteenCognitiveStrategies(O’Malleyetal.1985)(Contd)5.Notetaking:writingdownthemainidea,importantpoints,outline,orsummaryofinformationpresentedorallyorinwriting.6.Deduction:consciouslyapplyingrulestoproduceorunderstandthesecondlanguage.7.Recombination:constructingameaningfulsentenceorlargerlanguagesequencebycombiningknownelementsinanewway.FourteenCognitiveStrategies(O’Malleyetal.1985)(Contd)8.Imagery:relatingnewinformationtovisualconceptsinmemoryviafamiliar,easilyretrievablevisualizations,phrases,orlocations.9.Auditoryrepresentation:retentionofthesoundorasimilarsoundforaword,phrase,orlongerlanguagesequence.FourteenCognitiveStrategies(O’Malleyetal.1985)(Contd)10.Keyword:rememberinganewwordinthesecondlanguageby(a)identifyingafamiliarwordinthefirstlanguagethatsoundslikeand(b)generatingeasilyrecalledimagesofsomerelationshipbetweenthenewwordandthefamiliarword.11.Contextualization:placingawordorphraseinameaningfullanguagesequence12.Elaboration:relatingnewinformationtootherconceptsinmemory.13.Transfer:usingpreviouslyacquiredlinguisticand/orconceptualknowledgetofacilitateanewlanguagelearningtask.14.Inferencing:usingavailableinformationtoguessmeaningsofnewitems,predictoutcomes,orfillinmissinginformation.Games:Simonsays(physicalresponse)Predictinglanguageforcontext.takesaslipofpaperandsayssomethingthatwouldbespokeninthecontextgivenbythepieceofpaper.Theotherstudentshavetoguessthecontext.◦Forexample,astudentpickstheword'doctor'andsays,'I'llgiveyouthese,andyouneedtotakethemtwiceaday,beforemeals.'Theotherstudentsshoutouttheword'doctor'.Thefastestwinsapoint.NamefivethingsthatmoveNamefivedrinksNamefivethingsyouwouldbedoingifyouweren'thereNamefivewaystogetrichNamefiveanimalsWordassociationrecitationNewspaperreading(makeupastoryusingthefollowingwords)gambling,300yuan,steal,paper,store,bury,write,neighbourLong,longagoinavillageinChinatherelivedafoolcalledLi.OnedayLiwon300yuaninthegamblinghouse.Hewasveryhappysohewenttofindaplacetostorethemoney.Hefoundagreatplace–theground!Heburiedthemoneyinthegroundbuthewasafraidthatsomeonewouldstealhismoney.Sohethoughtupaplan.Hefoundapieceofpaper,wroteonitandfixedittotheground.Itsaid‘300yuanisnotburiedhere’.LihadaneighbourcalledGao.GaoknewthatLihadthismoneyandhewantedtostealit.Hefoundthenoteanddugupthemoney.Whenhehadfinishedhefoundapieceofpaper,wroteonitandfixedittotheground.Itsaid‘Gaodidn’tsteal300yuan’.ListenforyourwordThisisasimplewaytoimprovestudents'concentrationduringlisteningactivities.I'dliketoshareanactivityIlearntfromJeremyHarmer,inhislastlecturehereinmytown.It'scalledstorywordsandIthinkitcanworkwithdifferentlevels.First,chooseatextorashortstorythatstudentshaveneverheard,then,choosemanywordsfromitandwritethemontheboardatrandom.•Dividetheclassintotwoteams.Askstudentstochooseonlyonewordwithoutlettingtheothersknowit;nobodyknowsanyoneelse'sword.(Inordertopreventcheating,askthestudentstowritetheirchosenworddown.)•Askthemtostandup.Then,tellstudentstheywillhavetositdownwhentheyheartheirwordotherwisetheystaystanding.•Finally,readthetextorplaythetapeifit'salreadyrecorded.Theteamwhositsfirstwillbethewinner.DefinitionofSocioaffectiveStrategiesSocioaffectivestrategieshavetodowithsocial-mediatingactivityandtransactingwithothers.Theyaresomewhatlikecommunicationstrategies.TwoSocioaffectiveStrategies(O’Malleyetal.1985)1.Cooperation:workingwithoneormorepeerstoobtainfeedback,poolinformation,ormodelalanguageactivity.2.Questionforclarification:askingateacherorothernativespeakerforrepetition,paraphrasing,explanation,and/orexamples.CommunicationStrategiesCommunicationstrategiespertaintotheemploymentofverbalornonverbalmechanismsfortheproductivecommunicationofinformation,whilelearningstrategiesdealwiththereceptivedomainofintake,memory,andrecall.Theearlyresearchofthe1970sledtogreatdealofattentiontocommunicationstrategies.