搜索
HowtoevaluateevidenceEvidenceistheconcretefactsusedtosupportaclaim.SomethingeveryoneagreeonEvidenceSomethingthatanyonecouldwithsufficienttrainingandequipmentverifyforthemselvesbenefitReadcriticallyinscholarlyenvironmentDefinition：1、Evidenceistheconcretefactsusedtosupportaclaim.2、Evidenceissomethingeveryoneagreeson,orsomethingthatanyonecould,withsufficienttrainingandequipment,verityforthemselves3、Evidenceisthatwhichjustifiesbelief4、Evidenceisthebasisofrationalthinking5、Evidenceguidesustowardtruth6、EvidenceservesasaneutralarbiteramongrivaltheoriesandtheiradherentsTheContentoftheEvidencefactTruthExam-plesStati-sticstheo-riesWorksRem-arksScie-nceEvidence---FromBaiduBaikeEvidenceCategoriesSecondarySourcesCritiquesScholars’DebateOriginalEvidencePrimarySourcesNarrativesReportsObservationsAccountsFirst-handExperiencesFormsQuotesorparaphrasesfromsecondarysourcesQuotesorparaphrasesfromprimarysourcesInterviewsSurveysconductedbyreputablesourcesExperimentsorstudiesdonebypeer-reviewedsourcesStatisticsGraphs,charts,tables,orfiguresEffectiveRelevantCurrentReliableSufficientCategories•PrimarySourcesFirst-handexperiences,accounts,observations,reports,ornarratives.Itcouldincludediaries,letters,contemporarynewspapers,oreyewitnessaccountsofevents.Officialdocuments,datacollectedfromsurveys,andlabresultsarealsoprimarysources.•SecondarySourcesCritiqueswrittenbyacademicsandscholarsareconsideredsecondarybecausetheyexamineprimarysourcestopresentanargumentorsupportapointofview;assuch,theymaybeselectivewiththeirevidenceorinsertthemselvesinadebatehappeningamonganumberofscholars.Forms•Graphs,charts,tables,orfigures•Statistics•Experimentsorstudiesdonebypeer-reviewedsources•Surveysconductedbyreputablesources•Interviews•QuotesorparaphrasesfromprimarysourcesorsecondarysourcesTheincreasinglyseriousglobalwarminghasbecomeaproblemthataffectseveryaspectofpeople'slives,buthowtomakepeoplefeelitintuitively?Here,apolarbearstandsonmeltingice,evidencescientistsareusingtoproveglobalwarmingDigitalandphysicalevidenceScientificevidenceNewton'slawofuniversalgravitationisaprovenscientificconclusionthatcanbedirectlycitedasscientificevidenceStatisticalevidenceSometimesinordertomakethescientificproblemmoreaccurate,wewillgivenumericalstatisticsandusestatisticalevidencetoillustratetheprobleminthisstep.OntheleftisanumericalcalculationoftheamountofwaterineachstateofthewatercirculationThisisanotherformofstatisticalevidenceStatisticalevidenceexperimentalresultsandreportsThesearethefactorsthatinfluencethephysiologicalphenomenonofecosysteminFatichi’sexperimentNowwecanuseittoprovethatEcosystemphysiologicalprocessesareaffectedbymultiplefactorsofglobalchangeexperimentalresultsandreportsEvidenceofglobalwarmingcausedbyhumanactivitiesreportedintheIPCCHowtoevaluateevidenceEvaluationofEvidenceKnowledge:Recallsdataorinformation.Showsknowledgeofpreviouslylearnedmaterialbyrecallingfacts,terms,basicconceptsandanswers.Comprehension:Demonstratesunderstandingoffactsandideasbyorganising,comparing,translating,interpreting,givingdescriptionsandstatingmainideas.Application:Solvesproblemsbyapplyingacquiredknowledge,facts,techniquesandrulesinadifferentwayAnalysis:Examinesandbreaksinformationintopartsbyidentifyingmotivesorcauses;makinginferencesandfindingevidencetosupportgeneralisations.Synthesis:Putspartstogethertoformawhole,withemphasisoncreatinganewmeaningorstructure-compilesinformationtogetherinadifferentwaybycombiningelementsinanewpatternorproposingalternativesolutions.Evaluation:Makesjudgementsaboutthevalueofideasormaterialsforagivenpurposeinagivencontext.Presentsanddefendsopinionsbymakingjudgmentsaboutinformation,validityofideasorqualityofworkbasedonasetofcriteria.Comparesanddiscriminatesbetweenideas.Recognisessubjectivity.Beforeyouevaluatetheevidence,youshould:1、Identifythepointtheauthoristryingtoprove(theclaim)2、Identifythespecificfactstheauthorgivestosupporttheclaim3、ExplainhowtheevidenceissupposedtorelatetotheclaimWhenevaluatingevidence,yougobeyondsimplydescribingwhatitisandhowitrelatestotheclaim.Youalsosaywhetheritisgoodorbad.Obviously,thisisanessentialstepinevaluatingoverallqualityofanargument.Iftheevidencefailsforanyreason,theargumentfailsandtheclaimisnotproven.在评估证据时，你不仅要简单地描述它是什么以及它与观点之间的相关性。你也要判断它是好还是坏。显然，这是评估论证整体质量的重要步骤。如果证据因任何原因失败，则论证失败并且观点未得到证实。Todeterminewhethertheevidenceisproperornot,youshouldexaminewhetheritis:•Relevant:havingadefiniterelationshiptotheclaimtheauthoristryingtoprove•Sufficient:enoughtomaketheargumentconvincing•Reliable:fromcredibleandauthoritativesources•Current:thelatestandmostupdatedinformationEvaluationCriteria•Isyourexamplesimilartootherexamplesyoucouldhavechosen,ordoesitpresentanextremeoratypicalsituation?Examplesthatpresenttypicalsituationsareusuallymosteffective•你的例子是否与你可能选择的其他示例类似，或者它是否呈现极端或非典型情况？呈现典型情况的例子通常最有效Beforeyouwritethesupportingparagraphsinyourpaper,evaluatetheworthinessoftheevidenceyouhaveinmindtouse.Foreachdataset,example,orexpertopinion,askyourselfthefollowingquestions: