understanding-cultural-differences文化维度理论

UnderstandingCulturalDifferencesInterculturalOrganizationalValueDimensionsInterculturalOrganizationalValueDimensionsHofstede的文化维度理论是由他在全球40多个国家的IBM分支中调查收集的数据分析而成，有很多学者因此质疑其研究结果的客观性，但这并不影响文化维度成为跨文化管理的经典和持续的焦点。依照他的理论，国家间文化的差异可以被归纳为5个不同的维度，分别为：权力距离(PowerDistance),不确定性规避(UncertaintyAvoidance),个人/集体主义(Individualism/Collectivism),男性度/女性度(Masculinity-femininity),时间导向性(TimeOrientation)。1234Individualism&CollectivismThePowerDistanceDimensionTheUncertaintyAvoidanceDimensionTheMasculinity&FemininityDimensionCulturalDimensionsIndividualism&CollectivismIndividualism&CollectivismIndividualism•Emphasizetheimportanceofindividualidentityovergroupidentity,individualrightsovergrouprights,andindividualneedsovergroupneeds.Collectivism•Emphasizethe“we”identityoverthe“I”identity,grouprightsoverindividualrights,andin-group-orientedneedsoverindividualwantsanddesires.Individualism&CollectivismIndividualism•clarity,directness;•meetingpersonalneedsandgoals;•more“I”than“we”;•moreindependent;Collectivism•indirectcommunication;•concernforothers’feelings,nothurtingothers;•avoidingnegativeevaluation;•interdependentandgroupconcerned;•in-groupharmonyandin-groupcollaborativespirit;Individualism&CollectivismAnswerthefollowingquestion:•Whichcountrycanbeclassifiedintothecultureofindividualism?•USA,Australia,Britain,Netherland,Canada,Germany,ChineseHongKong,ChineseTaiwan,etc.Individualism&CollectivismIndividualism•foundinmostnorthernandwesternregionsofEuropeandinNorthAmerica.Collectivism•aculturalpatterncommoninAsia,Africa,theMiddleEast,CentralandSouthAmerica,andthePacificisland.Individualism&CollectivismThePowerDistanceDimension•Powerdistanceisdefinedasthe“extenttowhichthelesspowerfulmembersofinstitutions…acceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally”.•Cultureswithahighpowerdistancearesaidtoacceptinequalityasaculturalnorm.Inotherwords,theseculturesarevertical——thatis,theyarehierarchicalcultures.ThePowerDistanceDimensionSmallpowerdistancecultures•emphasizeequaldistance;•informality;•equalrightsandrelations;•equitablerewardsandpunishmentsbasedonperformances;Largepowerdistancecultures•acceptpowerdistance;•formality;•hierarchicalrights;•asymmetricalrolerelations;•rewardsandpunishmentsintermsofage,rank,status,title,andseniority;ThePowerDistanceDimensionThePowerDistanceDimensionSmallpowerdistancecultures•USA;Canada;•Germany;•Austria;•Denmark;•Israel;•RepublicofIreland;Largepowerdistancecultures•Singapore;•WesternAfricancountries;•India;•Malaysia;•Philippines;•Arabcountries;ThePowerDistanceDimensionThePowerDistanceDimensionThePowerDistanceDimension•OOQQTheUncertaintyAvoidanceDimension•Uncertaintyavoidancereferstotheextenttowhichthemembersofaculturefeelthreatenedbyuncertainandunknownsituationsandtheextenttowhichtheytrytoavoidthesesituations.TheUncertaintyAvoidanceDimensionWeakuncertaintyavoidancecultures•Singapore;•USA;Canada;•Denmark;•Australia;•Norway;•Jamaica;Stronguncertaintyavoidancecultures•Japan;•SouthKorea;•Greece;•France;•Spain;•Portugal;TheUncertaintyAvoidanceDimensionWeakuncertaintyavoidancecultures•Uncertaintyisvalued;•Encouragerisktaking;•Expectinnovation;•Conflictcanbepositive;•Careerchange;Stronguncertaintyavoidancecultures•Uncertaintyisathreat;•Preferclearproceduresandguidelines;•Careerstability;•Conflictisnegative;•Formalstructuresandrules;TheUncertaintyAvoidanceDimensionTheUncertaintyAvoidanceDimensionTheMasculinityandFemininityDimension•Masculinitypertainsto“societiesinwhichsocialgenderrolesareclearlydistinct(namely,menaresupposedtobeassertive,tough,andfocusonmaterialsuccesswhereaswomenaresupposedtobemoremodest,tender,andconcernedwiththequalityoflife)”.TheMasculinityandFemininityDimension•Femininitypertainsto“societiesinwhichsocialgenderrolesoverlap(i.e.bothmenandwomenaresupposedtobemodest,tender,andconcernedwiththequalityoflife)”.TheMasculinityandFemininityDimension“Feminine”cultures•Flexiblesexroles;•Emphasizenurturance;•Qualityofworklife;•Workinordertolive;•Environmentalissues;“Masculine”cultures•Complementarysexroles;•Emphasizeachievements;•Economicgrowth;•Liveinordertowork;•Businessperformances;TheMasculinityandFemininityDimension“Feminine”cultures•Sweden•Norway•TheNetherland•Denmark•Chile•Thailand“Masculine”cultures•Japan•Austria•Venezuela•Italy•Mexico•Britain•Germany