大学英语英国文学Thomas-Hardy

ThomasHardy(1840-1928)Ifaskedtostatehisprofession,withouthesitationHardywouldhavedeclaredhimselfapoetratherthananovelist.Hebegantowritepoetryinthelate1850s,inhisearlyteens,andcontinueduntilhisdeathattheageofeighty-seven.Whoishim?“我觉得读他一册书比受大学教育四年都要好”——徐志摩thelastVictorianFatalismandpessimismbestknownforhisextraordinaryskillinmasteringthenarrativeform,theportrayalofcharactersandthepsychologicalanalysishadgreatinfluencetothelaterwriters.atransitionalfigurebetweentheVictorianAgeandthe20thcentury;LifeexperienceBorninJune2,1840inHigherBockhamptoninthiscottage.HisfatherThomas:astonemasonandlocalbuilder.HismotherJemima:well-readandeducatedThomasuntilhewenttoschool.•Hewasasicklychildwasnotabletoattendschoolatayoungage.•22yearsold,HardymovedtoLondon•becomeanarchitect,&startedtowritepoems,whichidealizedtherurallife.Hardy’sworkasanarchitectprizesfromtheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects&theArchitecturalAssociation.FromarchitecttonovelistHardywrotepoetryoriginally,heeventuallyadoptednovel-writingforfinancialreasons.FromnovelstopoemsJudetheObscure,alongwithvariousofHardy’sothernovelsincludingTessoftheD’Urbervillesweremetwithgreathostilityfromcriticsandreaders.DisgustedbytherestraintsofVictorianconventions,Hardydecidedtowritenomorenovels.Subsequentlyhewrotepoetryinstead,aswashistoppriorityHardy’sFirstWifeEmmaGifford:awomanofhighsocialstatus.ShehadaveryinterestingpersonalityandwasalwaysrememberbyvisitorstotheHardyhousehold.Shediedin1912.ThomasandEmmaHardyresidedatMaxGatefrom1884onward.DesighedbyHardyhimselfSecondwife—Hardy’snurse,companionandfan.In1914,HardymarriedhissecretaryFlorenceEmilyDugdale,whowas39yearshisjunior.DuetoFlorence’scare,Hardycouldremainhealthyandcontinuehiswritingcareer.ThomasHardy'sHome,DorchesterHardy’sHouseDorchesterHardy’sStatue14ThomasHardy’sStudyIn1928,thislastimportantnovelistandpoetofthe19thcenturydied.ItwasHardy'swishthathebeburiedatStinsford.However,afterhisdeath,theauthoritiesatWestminsterAbbeysuggestedhebeburiedin'Poets'Corner'.FacedwiththisdilemmahiswifedecidedthathisheartshouldbeburiedatStinsfordandhisashesbeinterredintheAbbey.GraveofThomasHardyThomasHardy'sGrave,StinsfordChurchyardStylesHisnovelsshareapessimisticviewofthehumancondition.Natureisindifferenttoaperson’sdesiresandefforts.ThebitterironiesoffruitlesseffortsandlostaffectionsisanironicandtragictonetoHardy’snovels,makingthemunlikemainstreamVictoriannovelswiththeirhopefulconclusions.HisnovelsareinfluencedbyDarwin’sevolutiontheory,whichstressesthatthemostadaptedspeciessurvivesthenaturalselection.Hence,naturalismandfatalismplayagreatpartinhisnovels.Hisworksarealsorichinsymbolism,localcolorism.Majorworks--3classesAnovelist&Shortstorywriter1.NovelsofCharacterandEnvironment（性格与环境小说）ThePoorManandtheLady(1867,unpublishedandlost)《穷汉与贵妇人》UndertheGreenwoodTree(1872)《绿树荫下》FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)《远离尘嚣》TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)《卡斯特桥市长》Tessofthed'Urbervilles(1891)《德伯家的苔丝》JudetheObscure(1895)《无名的裘德》MajorworksUndertheGreenwoodTree1872FarfromtheMaddingCrowd(1874)TheReturnoftheNative(1878)Tessofthed'Urbervilles1891•JudetheObscure(1896)TheMayorofCasterbridge(1886)Heexploredtragiccharactersstrugglingagainsttheirpassions&socialcircumstances&sethisfictionsinthesemi-fictionallandofWessexwherehegrewup.ThisClassisaboutpeople’spursuittohappinessandawarenessoftheirdreams,reflectingtheacuteconflictsbetweenpeopleandtheenvironmentaroundthem.MainWorkstheWessexnovelsnovelsofcharacter&environmentHisprincipalworksaretheWessexNovels,i.e.,thenovelsdescribingthecharactersandenvironmentofhisnativecountryside.Theyareknownforthevividdescriptionofthevicissitudesofpeoplewholiveinanagriculturalsettingmenacedbytheforcesofinvadingcapitalism.Theseworks,knownas“novelsofcharacterandenvironment,”arethemostrepresentativeofhimasbothanaturalisticandacriticalrealistwriter.Hetruthfullydepictstheimpoverishmentanddecayofsmallfarmerswhobecamehiredfieldhandsandroamedthecountryinsearchofseasonaljobs.Theselabourersweremercilesslyexploitedbytherichlandowners.WessexNovel•哈代以其故乡英国西南部农村（古称威塞克斯地区）为背景所作小说的总称（又称性格与环境小说）。反映了十九世纪中叶以来英国农村的生活，特别是反映了资本主义侵入农村之后所激起的剧烈社会变动，农民的破产，农村经济、道德、风俗等方面的变化以及人们的精神痛苦。对资本主义社会的法律、道德、宗教、教育制度多有批判。有浓厚的宿命观念和悲剧气氛。•哈代的“性格和环境小说”，表现出作者对造成威塞克斯社会和威塞克斯人悲剧命运的探讨，经历了“命运悲剧”—“性格悲剧”—“社会悲剧”的发展过程。2.RomancesandFantasies（传奇与幻想小说）APairofBlueEyes(1873)《一双蓝眼睛》TwoonaTower(1882)《塔里的两个人》TheWell-Beloved(1897)(firstpublishedasaserialfrom1892)《心爱的人》mainlytalkaboutromanticlovestories.3.NovelsofIngenuity（机巧和实验小说）DesperateRemedies(1871)《铤而走险》TheHandofEthelberta(1876)《埃塞尔伯塔的婚姻》ALaodicean(1881)《冷漠的人》NaturalismNaturalismisadeterministictheoryofwritingdevelopedoutofrealism.Itholdsthatphilosophicallyeverythingisapartofnatureandcanbeexplainedbynaturalandmaterialcauses,thathumanlivesandactionsaredeterminedbyenvironmentandheredity,forcesabsolutelybeyondman’scontrol,andthatawritershouldadoptanobjectiveviewtowardthematerialwrittenabout,andrepresentwithclinicalaccuracyandfranknessthedetailsoflifeespeciallythedeficienciesandshortcomingsofhumanbeings.Tone:pessimisticRepresentativew