大学英语写作课件6-Effective-sentences

Accordingtotheusagesofthesentences:1)Declarativesentences2)Interrogativesentences3)Imperativesentences4)ExclamatorysentencesAccordingtothestructuresofthesentences:1)simplesentences2)Compoundsentences3)ComplexsentencesTypesofsentencesAccordingtoRhetoric[‘retərik]（修辞学）Loose,PeriodicandBalancedsentencesLooseSentences松散句或散体句Aloosesentenceputsthemainideabeforeallsupplementaryinformation;Inotherwords,itputsfirstthingsfirst,Andletsthereaderknowwhatitismainlyaboutwhenhehasreadthefirstfewwords.Ex:IamwillingtopayslightlyhighertaxesfortheprivilegeoflivinginCanada,consideringthefreehealthcare,thecheaptuitionfees,thelowcrimerate,thecomprehensivesocialprograms,andthewonderfulwinters.ThemainpointofthissentenceisthatthewriterpreferstoliveinCanada,andthewritermakesthepointattheverybeginning:everythingwhichfollowsissimplyextrainformation.LoosesentencesLoosesentenceistheonewhichthemainideaisplacedfirstNosuspenseisattempted.Itgoesstraighttothepointsothatthereadergetsitbeforehecomestotheendofthesentence.Loosesentencesareeasier,simpler,morenaturalanddirect.PeriodicSentences掉尾句/圆周句/整体句Aperiodicsentence:Themainideaisexpressedatorneartheendofit,Anditisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.Thereaderdoesnotknowwhatitismainlyaboutuntilhefinishesreadingit.Itismorecomplex,emphatic,formalandliterary.PeriodicSentencesItisimportanttorememberthatperiodicsentences:Usedonceortwiceinapieceofwriting,theycanbeveryeffective;Usedanymorethanthat,theycanmakeyousounddullandpompous（浮夸）.Examplesa.ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.b.Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish.ThemainideaofbothsentencesisthefactthatshedecidedtostudyEnglish.Thisideaisputatthebeginningofthefirstsentenceandattheendofthesecond,thusmakingonealoosesentenceandtheotheraperiodicone.Examplesa.ShedecidedtostudyEnglishthoughshewasinterestedinmusic.b.Althoughshewasinterestedinmusic,shefinallydecidedtostudyEnglish.Besides,thefirstpartofthefirstsentenceiscompleteinstructure;Butthatofthesecondisonlyanadverbialclauseandcannotbecalledasentencewithoutthesecondpart.PeriodicSentenceItisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife.有一条举世公认的真理:那就是凡有钱的单身汉总想娶位太太.HewasofferedaprofessionalcontractafterwinningtheOlympicgoldmedalforfigureskating,accordingtonewspaperreports.LooseSentenceAccordingtonewspaperreports,afterwinningtheOlympicgoldmedalforfigureskating,hewasofferedaprofessionalcontract.PeriodicsentenceTherehavebeenmanygreatdiscoveriesmadebyscientistsinthetwentiethcentury.Loosesentence•Scientistsinthetwentiethcenturyhavemademanygreatdiscoveries.PeriodicsentenceIenjoyedtheoperabecausethemusicisbeautiful,becausetheperformersareexcellent.LoosesentenceBecausethemusicisbeautifulandtheperformersareexcellent,Ienjoyedtheopera.PeriodicsentenceBalancedsentences(平行句,对偶句）Whenasentencecontainstwopartsofthesamestructureandroughlythesamelength,andwithcontrasted(orsimilar)ideas.Itisabalancedsentence.e.g.1Helikespopmusic;hisgirlfriendhatesit.2Theoldmanisnotlackofmoneybutlackofhappiness.3Onhearingthenews,hewasexcitedandIwasworried.Generally,well-writtencompositionsarenotentirelymadeupoflooseorperiodicorbalancedsentences.Theyshouldbeamixtureofthethreeforthesakeofvariety.EffectiveSentencesCorrectnessalonecannotmakeagoodsentence.Ithastobeeffectiveatthesametime.Effectivesentenceshavesomeofthefollowingqualities:unity（一致性）coherence（连贯性）Conciseness（简洁性）Emphasis（强调性）Variety（多样性）Unity（统一性）Aunifiedsentencemeanseverythinginthesentenceshouldcontributetomakingoneclearidea.Unityreferstotwoqualities:thereisonlyonemainideainasentence,andthatideaiscomplete.TheexplorerwhohasjustreturnedfromtheAntarcticisbusywritingreportsonhisadventuresonthatice-coveredcontinent,wherehedidnotseeanyanimalsexceptpenguins.Thisisalongsentencewithmanyparts,includingtwoclauses.Ithasonecentralidea(theexploreriswritingreportsonhisadventuresintheAntarctic)andalltheotherideasarerelatedtothiscentralidea.Lookattheexample:.Bringintoasentenceonlyrelatedthoughtsandputunrelatedthoughtsinanothersentenceorsentences.E.g..BorninSichuanProvince,helaterbecameafamouswriter.Thisisacorrectbutnotagoodsentence,becausethetwopartsmentionedinitarenotlogicallyconnected:amanborninSichuanisnotcertaintobecomeafamouswriter.Wecansaythissentencelacksunity.Tomakethemeaningclear,wehavetosaysomethingabouthiseducationandworkexperiencethathelptomakehimafamouswriter.DreamoftheRedMansionsisthebest-knownnovel.Whataboutthis?（1）DreamoftheRedMansionsisoneofthebest-knownclassicalChinesenovels.（2）OfalltheChinesenovelswrittenbeforethe20thcenturyDreamoftheRedMansionsisperhapsthemostpopular.Thisseemstobeacorrectsentence,butitsmeaningisnotcomplete.“thebest-knownnovel”shouldhavebeenmodified.Thetwosentencesthatfollowareclearer:Compare:1.1)BorninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s,hegrewuptobeafamousmusician.(faulty)2)HewasborninasmalltowninSouthChinaintheearly50s.Inhischildhoodhelikedtosingsongs.LaterheenteredaconservatoryInthe70shebecameafamousmusician.(re