Chapter-8-Anti-dumping--Rules

Chapter8Anti-dumpingRulesXingYaoInternationalBusinessSchoolContentIntroductionHasDumpingOccurred?DeterminationofInjuryandCausalLinkProceduralRequirementCaseReviewTradebarriersareanyimpediment障碍，妨碍tothetradeofgoodsandservices.Whatarethereasonsofonecountryorregionimplementingthesetradebarriers?1.IntroductionWiththerapiddevelopmentofinternationaltrade,moreandmorecountrytrendtoselltheirproductswithlower-priceintheworldmarket.Inrecentyears,thenumberofdumpingcasesintheworldgreatlyincreased,andmoreproductsareinvolved,whichcausedalotofanti-dumpingcases.SincetheWTOwasestablishedin1995totheendof2006,therewere3044casescarriedoutanti-dumpinginvestigationintheworldwide,and1941caseswereeventuallytakenanti-dumpingmeasures,accountingfor63.8%.ThenumberofsufferingantidumpinginvestigationsinChinawere536,thehighestintheworld,accountingfor28%.SouthKorea229,UnitedStates175,ChinaTaiwanArea173,respectively各自,rankingsecond,thirdandfourth.DataoriginatesfromWorldanti-dumpinganalysis.=307What’ssituationinChina?Theanti-dumpingcomplaintsofChina'sexportproductsinoverseasbeganin1980s.In1979,EC欧共体tookthefirstanti-dumpinginvestigationonChinesesaccharinandsalts糖精和盐exportation.Sincethen,anti-dumpingcasesagainstChinahasrisendramatically,andChinabecametheprimarytargetcountrysufferinganti-dumpingcomplaints.2.WTOrulesonthedetermination检测ofanti-dumpingDeterminationofDumpingAproductistobeconsideredasbeingdumped,i.e.introducedintothecommerceofanothercountryatlessthanitsnormalvalue正常价值,iftheexportpriceoftheproductexportedfromonecountrytoanotherislessthanthecomparableprice可比价格,intheordinarycourseoftrade在正常的贸易过程中,forthelikeproductwhendestinedforconsumptionintheexportingcountry.(1)NormalvalueWeusuallyusethedomesticmarketpricetosubstitute代替thenormalvalue.Thedomesticmarketpriceisthesellingpriceofasufficientnumberoflikeproducts,intheordinarycourseoftrade,whendestinedforconsumptionintheexportingcountry.SufficientnumberSalesofthelikeproductdestinedforconsumptioninthedomesticmarketoftheexportingcountryshallnormallybeconsideredasufficientquantityforthedetermination检测ofthenormalvalueifsuchsalesconstitute5percentormoreofthesalesoftheproductunderconsiderationtotheimportingMember,providedthat如果alowerratio比例shouldbeacceptablewheretheevidencedemonstratesthatdomesticsalesatsuchlowerratioarenonetheless尽管如此ofsufficientmagnitude数量toprovideforapropercomparison.NotintheOrdinarycourseoftrade(1)Salesofthelikeproductinthedomesticmarketoftheexportingcountryorsalestoathirdcountryatpricesbelowperunit(fixedandvariable)costsofproductionplusadministrative,sellingandgeneralcostsmaybetreatedasnotbeingintheordinarycourseoftrade.Ifsuchsalesaremadewithinanextendedperiodoftime(normallyoneyear,butinnocaselessthansixmonths)insubstantialquantities大数量andareatpriceswhichdonotprovidefortherecoveryofallcostswithinareasonableperiodoftime.NotintheOrdinarycourseoftrade(2)theexportpriceisunreliable不可靠的becauseofassociation联盟oracompensatory补偿arrangementbetweentheexporterandtheimporterorathirdparty.Theexportpricemaybeconstructedonthebasisofthepriceatwhichtheimportedproductsarefirstresold再出售toanindependent独立buyer,oriftheproductsarenotresoldtoanindependentbuyer,ornotresoldintheconditionasimported,onsuchreasonable合理的basisastheauthorities当局maydetermine.OthermethodstodetermineNormalValueAcomparablepriceofthelikeproductwhenexportedtoanappropriatethirdcountry.Thecostofproductioninthecountryoforiginplusareasonableamountforadministrative,sellingandgeneralcostsandforprofits(i.e.constructedprice).Thesecondmethodisusuallyusedtodeterminethenormalvalueofso-callednon-marketeconomycountries非市场经济国家.China’ssituationWhenChineseproductsareexportedtotheUnitedStatesortheEuropeanCommunity,theyencounter面临theproblemofnon-marketeconomystatus.Thecurrentpractice现行方法isthatChineseenterprisesinthesurveyclearlyshowwhentheindustryoflikeproductsintheproduction,manufacturing,sales,accordingtomarketconditionstooperate,thenormalvaluecanbedeterminedbythepricesorcostsinChina,otherwiseadoptingtothealternativecountryapproach.(2)ExportpriceExportpricegenerallyreferstotheactualpricewhichtheimporterhaspaidorshouldpaytotheexporter.Ifthereisnoexportpriceorthepriceisunreliable,wechooseconstructedexportprice.Theexportpricemaybeconstructedonthebasisofthepriceatwhichtheimportedproductsarefirstresoldtoanindependentbuyer,oriftheproductsarenotresoldtoanindependentbuyer,ornotresoldintheconditionasimported,onsuchreasonablebasisastheauthoritiesmaydetermine.(3)ThecomparisonofnormalvalueandexportpriceAfaircomparisonshallbemadebetweentheexportpriceandthenormalvalue.Thiscomparisonshallbemadeatthesameleveloftrade,normallyattheexfactory工厂交货level,andinrespectofsalesmadeatasnearlyaspossiblethesametime.(3)ThecomparisonofnormalvalueandexportpriceDueallowance正当补助shallbemadeineachcase,onitsmerits按照事情的是非曲直,fordifferenceswhichaffectpricecomparability可比性,includingdifferencesinconditionsandtermsofsale,taxation,levelsoftrade,quantities,physicalcharacteristics,andanyotherdifferenceswhicharealsodemon