Chinese--Traditional--Music

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ChineseTraditionalMusicGaoShanLiuShuiChineseclassicalmusicisthetraditionalartorcourtmusicofChina.Ithasalonghistorystretchingformorethanthreethousandyears.Ithasitsownuniquesystemsofmusicalnotation,aswellasmusicaltuningandpitch(定调),musicalinstrumentsandstylesormusicalgenres(流派).Chinesemusicispentatonic-diatonic(五音阶),havingascaleoftwelvenotestoanoctave(八度音阶)(5+7=12)asdoesEuropean-influencedmusicHistoryMusicofChinaappearstodatebacktothedawnofChinesecivilization,anddocumentsandartifactsprovideevidenceofawell-developedmusicalcultureasearlyastheZhouDynasty(1122BC-256BC).AccordingtoMencius(孟子),arulerhadaskedMenciuswhetheritwasmoralifhepreferredpopsongstotheclassics.Theanswerwasthattheonlythingmattersbeingwhetherornothelovedhissubjects.TheImperialMusicBureau,firstestablishedintheQinDynasty(221-207BC),wasgreatlyexpandedundertheEmperorHanWuDi(140-87BC)andchargedwithsupervisingcourtmusicandmilitarymusicanddeterminingwhatfolkmusicwouldbeofficiallyrecognized.Insubsequentdynasties,thedevelopmentofChinesemusicwasstronglyinfluencedbyforeignmusic,especiallythatofCentralAsia.TraditionalorchestralinstrumentsWoodwind(木管乐器)andpercussion(敲打乐器)BowedstringsPluckedandstruckstringsWoodwindandpercussiondizi,sheng,paigu,gong,paixiao,guan,bells,cymbalsBowedstringserhu,zhonghu,dahu,banhu,jinghu,gaohu,gehu,yehu,cizhonghu,diyingehu,leiqinPluckedandstruckstringsguqin,sanxian,yangqin,zheng,ruan,konghou,liuqin,pipa,zhuInstrumentalmusicOperaInstrumentalmusicInstrumentalpiecesplayedonanerhuordiziarepopular,andareoftenavailableoutsideofChina,butqin,pipaandzhengmusic,whicharemoretraditional,aremorepopularinChinaitself.TheqinisperhapsthenationalinstrumentofChina,anditsvirtuososarestars.TheseincludeZhaFuxi,WuWen‘guang,LinYouren,WuJinglue,WuZhaoji,GuanPinghu,ZhangZijian,LiXiangtingandGongYi.Thezheng,aformofzither(筝),ismostpopularinHenan,Chaozhou,Hakka(客家人)andShandong.Thepipa,akindoflute,believedtohavebeenintroducedfromtheArabianPeninsulaareaduringthe6thcenturyandimproved,ismostpopularinShanghaiandsurroundingareas.OperaChineseoperahasbeenhugelypopularforcenturies,especiallyBeijingopera.Themusicisoftenguttural(喉音)withhigh-pitchedvocals,usuallyaccompaniedbysuona,jinghu,otherkindsofstringinstruments,andpercussion.Othertypesofoperaincludeclapperopera,Pingju,Cantonese(广东的)opera,puppetopera,Kunqu,Sichuanopera,Qinqiang,ritualmaskedoperaandHuangmeixi.

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