托福长难句100句(一)

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句子1Inacountercurrentexchangesystem,thebloodvesselscarryingcooledbloodfromtheflippersruncloseenoughtothebloodvesselscarryingwarmbloodfromthebodytopickupsomeheatfromthewarmerbloodvessels;thus,theheatistransferredfromtheoutgoingtotheingoingvesselsbeforeitreachestheflipperitself.【难点解析】本句的难点在于复杂的后置定语干扰了阅读,给我们理解句子带来了影响。在这个句子中就是现在分词短语carryingcooledblood…做了后置定语,造成了主语thebloodvessels和谓语run被分割,后面接着出现了另一个thebloodvesselscarryingwarmblood……,进一步加大了理解难度,让我们一时无法理清句子结构。找到这种后置定语,划分句子主干的时候直接忽视这种修饰性成分,句子的主要信息就变得非常清晰:Inacountercurrentexchangesystem,thebloodvesselscarryingcooledbloodfromtheflippers[定语]runcloseenoughtothebloodvesselscarryingwarmbloodfromthebody[定语]topickupsomeheatfromthewarmerbloodvessels;thus,theheatistransferredfromtheoutgoingtotheingoingvesselsbeforeitreachestheflipperitself.完成了句子主干划分之后,根据汉语的表述顺序,将后置定语往前放,这样整个句子的意思就出来了。【参考翻译】在逆流交换系统中,携带着来自脚蹼冷却血液的血管与携带着来自身体温暖血液的血管足够靠近,这样就可以从更温暖的血管中吸收一些热量;因此,在热量到达脚蹼之前,其从流出身体的血管转移到了流入身体的血管。【成分划分】并列句一Inacountercurrentexchangesystem,[状语]thebloodvessels[主语]carryingcooledbloodfromtheflippers[定语]run[谓语]closeenoughtothebloodvessels[状语]carryingwarmbloodfromthebody[定语]topickupsomeheat[状语]fromthewarmerbloodvessels.[状语]并列句二Theheat[主语]istransferred[谓语]fromtheoutgoingtotheingoingvessels.[状语]状语从句It[主语]reaches[谓语]theflipper[宾语]itself.[状语]句子2Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold,anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetensionholdingtheminplace;thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.【难点解析】本句的难点是定语(例如tooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold)放在了被修饰词(例如drops)的后面,与汉语表述习惯不一致,给我们理解的带来了一定的困难。另外,后置定语中嵌套了另一个后置定语,更加增加了难度(toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetension[定语]holdingtheminplace.[定语])。根据定语的特点(限定或者修饰名词性成分),遇到后置定语,先忽略这些修饰性的定语,找到句子主干,再按照自己的理解,将英语句子切分成一小段一小段来翻译,最后再组合成一句话,这样整句话意思就清晰了。Iftheporesarelarge,thewaterinthemwillexistasdropstooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold[定语],anditwilldrainaway;butiftheporesaresmallenough,thewaterinthemwillexistasthinfilms,toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetension[定语]holdingtheminplace[定语];thenthewaterwillbefirmlyheld.【参考翻译】如果孔隙很大,其中的水分会以水滴的形态而存在,水滴的重量足以克服表面张力的束缚,随后水分就会渐渐流失;但是,如果孔隙足够小,其中的水会以薄膜形态而存在,薄膜太轻无法克服表面张力的束缚,因此,这种形态的水会稳稳地附着在孔隙表面上。【成分划分】状语从句Thepores[主语]are[系动词]large.[表语]并列句Thewater[主语]inthem[定语]willexist[谓语]asdrops[状语]tooheavyforsurfacetensiontohold.[定语]并列句It[主语]willdrainaway.[谓语]状语从句Thepores[主语]are[系动词]smallenough.[表语]并列句Thewater[主语]inthem[定语]willexist[谓语]asthinfilms,[状语]toolighttoovercometheforceofsurfacetension[定语]holdingtheminplace.[定语]并列句Thewater[主语]willbefirmlyheld.[谓语]句子3Theimagesproducedbythecameraobscura,aboxlikedevicethatusedapinholeorlenstothrowanimageontoaground-glassscreenorapieceofwhitepaper,werealreadyfamiliar—thedevicehadbeenmuchemployedbytopographicalartistsliketheItalianpainterCanalettoinhisdetailedviewsofthecityofVenice.【难点解析】本句的难点是定语(producedbythecameraobscura)放在了被修饰词(theimages)的后面,与汉语表述习惯不一致,另外,出现同位语(aboxlikedevice)修饰定语中的名词性部分(thecameraobscura),而又有一个定语从句(thatuseda……)又修饰改同位语(aboxlikedevice),使得主语和谓语被很多成分隔开,给我们理解的带来了一定的困难。找到那些修饰性成分,先忽略它们,再看句子主干就清楚了。Theimagesproducedbythecameraobscura[定语],aboxlikedevice[同位语]thatusedapinholeorlenstothrowanimageontoaground-glassscreenorapieceofwhitepaper[定语从句],werealreadyfamiliar—thedevicehadbeenmuchemployedbytopographicalartistsliketheItalianpainterCanalettoinhisdetailedviewsofthecityofVenice.【参考翻译】针孔照相机(一种盒状的装置)产生的影像已经为大家所熟知,它是一种使用小孔或透镜将影像投射到毛玻璃屏或一张白纸上的盒状装置——这种装置已经为很多地貌风景画家所用,例如意大利画家Canaletto在他所创作的威尼斯精致风景画中(使用了这种装置)。【成分划分】并列句Theimages[主语]producedbythecameraobscura,[定语]aboxlikedevice,[同位语]were[系动词]alreadyfamiliar.[表语]并列句Thedevice[主语]hadbeenmuchemployed[谓语]bytopographicalartists[状语]liketheItalianpainterCanalettoinhisdetailedviewsofthecityofVenice.[同位语]定语从句Aboxlikedevice[主语]used[谓语]apinholeorlens[宾语]tothrowanimageontoaground-glassscreenorapieceofwhitepaper.[宾语补足语]句子4AmaritimecodeknownastheConsulateoftheSeawhichoriginatedinthewesternMediterraneanregioninthefourteenthcentury,wonacceptancebyamajorityofseagoersasthenormativecodeformaritimeconduct;itdefinedsuchmattersastheauthorityofaship'sofficers,protocolsofcommand,paystructures,therightsofsailors,andtherulesofengagementwhenshipsmetoneanotheronthesea-lanes.【难点解析】本句的难点一是后置定语和定语从句分割了句子主干,造成了理解问题。主语Amaritimecode先是被过去分词短语knownastheConsulateoftheSea修饰,而这个短语后面紧接着又出现了一个定语从句来进一步修饰Amaritimecode,当我们再看到won时,就得费心思寻找won这个动词的发出者。难点二是对when引导的定语从句的理解。我们在阅读的时候还需要根据语义逻辑来理解句子,这里whenshipsmetoneanotheronthesea-lanes显然不能作为时间状语从句来修饰defined……as……,意思理解不通。这时我们就要考虑其他可能被修饰的成分,therulesofengagement正好可以作为when从句的修饰对象,本身when可以引导定语从句,另外从意思上也合情合理。忽略修饰性定语和定语从句,句子主要信息如下:AmaritimecodeknownastheConsulateoftheSea[定语]whichoriginatedinthewesternMediterraneanregioninthefourteenthcentury,[定语从句]wonacceptancebyamajorityofseagoers[定语]asthenormativecodeformaritimeconduct;itdefinedsuchmattersastheauthorityofaship'sofficers,protocolsofcommand,paystructures,therightsofsailors,andtherulesofengagementwhenshipsmetoneanotheronthesea-lanes.[定语从句]另外需要注意的是,by短语虽然经常引导方式状语,但是这里byamajorityofseagoers修饰的是acceptance这一名词,所以它实际上做了acceptance的后置定语。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