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初中英语语法稻田一中李培军动词的语态1．英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动词的执行者。被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。例如：AtalkonsciencewillbegiveninourschoolnextMonday.下周一在我们学校将会有一场关于科学的演讲。2．被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。其后的实义动词必须为及物动词，或“动词＋介词”构成的及物动词短语。下面介绍动词各种时态的主动、被动语态的结构：被动语态基本构成：be+过去分词时态主动语态被动语态1一般现在时do/doesam/is/are+过去分词2一般过去时didwas/were+过去分词3一般将来时will/begoingto+动词原形will/begoingto+be+过去分词4过去将来时would+动词原形would+be+过去分词5现在进行时am/is/are+现在分词am/is/are+being+过去分词6过去进行时was/were+现在分词was/were+being+过去分词7现在完成时have/has+过去分词have/has+been+过去分词8过去完成时had+过去分词had+been+过去分词9含情态动词情态动词+动词原形情态动词+be+过去分词1、TheChinesefood_____tobethehealthiestintheworld.A.considersB.isconsideringC.isconsideredD.hasconsidered2、John__，forhewentswimmingyesterdaywithoutpermission.A.wouldpunishedB.hadpunishedC.punishedD.waspunished3、----Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?----Notyet.Rooms_______.A.arepaintingB.arepaintedC.arebeingpaintingD.arebeingpainted一般时态：am/is/are+过去分词现在进行时态：am/is/are+being+过去分词过去时态：was/were+过去分词4、Mr.Wuwasinhospital.whenwewenttoseehim,he______on.A.operatedB.wasoperatedC.wasoperatingD.wasbeingoperated5、Thenewschool______whenthenewtermbegins.A.finishesB.willfinishC.willbefinishedD.wouldfinish6、Theoldscientistsaidthathe______tovisittheircountrybeforelong.A.invitedB.hadinvitedC.wasinvitingD.wouldbeinvited过去进行时态：was/were+being+过去分词一般将来时态：will+be+过去分词过去将来时态：would+be+过去分词7、WiththehelpoftheHopeProject,moreandmorenewschools_____inthepoorarea.A.builtB.havebuiltC.havebeenbuiltD.havebeenbuilding8、Hecameoutandtoldusthatthework__________.A.finishedB.wasfinishedC.hadfinishedD.hadbeenfinished9、Theprogrammes___easilyifyouuseashortwaveradio.A.canpickupB.pickupC.pickedupD.canbepickedup现在完成时态：have/has+been+过去分词过去完成时态：had+been+过去分词情态动词：情态动词+be+过去分词在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况中：(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。ThiswatchismadeinChina.这块手表是在中国制造的。(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。Moretreesmustbeplantedeveryyear.每年都应该种更多的树。(3)需要强调或突出动作的承受者。Chineseisspokenbymoreandmorepeopleintheworld.世界上越来越多的人说汉语。(强调汉语的使用广泛)(4)句子的主语是动作的承受者。Manyhouseswerewashedawayintheflood.许多房屋被洪水冲走了。把主动语态改为被动语态可按“、、”来进行。即：①变－－－把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，把主动语态的主语改为被动语态的介词by的宾语。②套－－－根据原句的时态套用相应时态。③注意－－注意人称的变化而引起的主谓一致问题。例：①ManypeoplespeakEnglish.Englishbymanypeople.②Hewashedhisshoesyesterday.Hisshoesbyhimyesterday.isspokenwerewashed一变二套三注意(1)主动语态变为被动语态:[注意]①把主动语态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能变。且be动词和新主语保持一致。如上例①，所给的主动句子是一般现在时，改为被动语态时，也要用一般现在时。②如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句时作介词by的宾语，要用宾格。如上例②中的主语he改为him。(2)带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态。谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可以将直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。Shegavemeabook.(变为被动语态)→Iwasgivenabook.(间接宾语me改为主语)→Abookwasgiventome.(直接宾语abook改为主语)(3)短语动词变为被动语态。许多由不及物动词和介词、副词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。但是短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。Weshouldspeaktooldmenpolitely.(变为被动语态)→Oldmenshouldbespokentopolitely.(to不可省略)“双宾语”改被动语态，直接宾语(物)作主语，变被动语态后动词pass,bring,buy,show,send,give,cook等后要加介词.(这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定)；把指“人”的间接宾语变主语，则不用介词。①.Hegavemeabook.→变直接宾语加to.变间接宾语不加Iwasgivenabook(byhim).Abookwasgiventome(byhim).②.Heshowedmeaticket.→Iwasshownaticket(byhim).Aticketwasshowntome(byhim).③.Myfatherboughtmeanewbike.→Iwasboughtanewbike(bymyfather).Anewbikewasboughtforme(bymyfather).(4)带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态。常见的双宾语动词：give,offer,pass,show,lend,send,bring,return,tell等用介词to;buy,make(制作),mend,cook,sing,get等用for.(5)被动语态后动词形式的选择:主动句中在感官动词see，hear，watch，feel，notice等，及使役动词let，make，have等后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时应加上不定式符号to。Hemakesthegirlstayathome.(变为被动语态)→Thegirlismadetostayathome.LastSundayweheardthemsingPekingOperainthetheatre.(变为被动语态)→TheywereheardtosingPekingOperainthattheatrelastSunday.使役动词和感观动词主被动语态对照表主动语态被动语态使役动词makesbdosthsbbemadetodosthhavesbdosthsbbehadtodosthletsbdosthsbbelettodosth感观动词seesbdosthsbbeseentodosthwatchsbdosthsbbewatchedtodosthhearsbdosthsbbeheardtodosthnoticesbdosthsbbenoticedtodosthgo1.Thebossmakestheworkerswork18hoursaday.Theworkersaremadetowork18hoursadaybytheboss.2.Isawhimenterthehouse.Hewasseentoenterthehousebyme.3.Theteacherletthemleavetheclassroomafterclass.Theywerelettoleavetheclassroombytheteacherafterclass.4.Wehearhersingintheroomeveryday.Sheisheardtosingintheroomeveryday.[注意]当使用see/hear/watchsbdoingsth时，变为被动语态时，doing保持不变。如：Isawhimgoingintotheshop.(主动)Hewasseengoingintotheshop.(被动)第(5)部分巩固训练(6)主动结构表被动意义①.write、read、sell、keep、prove、weigh、number、drink、wear、pay、wash、open常用主动形式表被动意义。尤其是有副词well,easily时。Thebooksellswell.(这本书销路很好。)Thedoorwillnotopen.(这扇门就是打不开。)Thisdresswashesbetter.(这衣服较好洗。)Thesignreadsasfollows.(这牌子告示如下。)②.感官动词(taste;feel;smell;sound;look)用主动形式表示被动。Howsweetthemusicsounds!Goodmedicinetastesbittertothemouth③在beworthdoing中doing表被动意义。Thisbookisworthreading.这本书值得一读。④want/need/require＋doing相当于want/need/require＋tobedone。tobedone表示不定式的被动结构。Mybikeneedsrepairing.＝Mybikeneedstoberepaired.我的自行车需要修理。⑤.句型“主语+be+形容词+todo”，“主语”是“不定式”的“逻辑宾语”，通常用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。这类形容词有：easy，difficult，heavy，hard，nice，dangerous,important，expensive，comfortable，impossible等。例如：Thepictureispleasanttolookat．Thechairiscomfortabletositon．Theworkisimpossibletofinish.Thequestionishardtoask.Themachineiseasytouse.注意：当不定式中的动词是不及物动词时，要根据需要补充相应的介词。Thepeniscomforta