punctuation

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PunctuationPunctuationconsistsofwrittenmarkswhichareprimarilyusedtomakecleartothereaderhowsentencesareconstructed.Punctuationhelpstoclarifyandsometimesemphasizethemeaningofasentence.Itisnecessarytolearntouseallthepunctuationmarkscorrectly.Withoutpunctuation,apieceofwritingcanbeveryconfusing.Asyoucanseebelow:Iwakebetween5and6amit’salreadybusyoutsidefrommywindowIseethemencollecttherubbishIchecktheweatherbylookingtoseeifpeoplearecarryingumbrellasJustputtinginfullstopsattheendofasentenceandcapitallettersatthebeginningmakesitmucheasiertoread:Iwakebetween5and6am.It’salreadybusyoutside.FrommywindowIseethemencollecttherubbish.Ichecktheweatherbylookingtoseeifpeoplearecarryingumbrellas.句号FullStop/Period逗号Comma分号Semicolon冒号Colon问号QuestionMark感叹号ExclamationMark引号QuotationMarks括号Parentheses()Brackets【】破折号Dash连字符Hyphen斜线Slash省略号Ellipsis省字符ApostropheEndPunctuationMarksPeriodQuestionMarkExclamationMarkInternalPunctuationMarksColonSemicolonCommaApostropheEllipsisHyphenDashParenthesesBracketsQuotationmarksFirst,let’slookatsomesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenpunctuationsinChineseandEnglish.英语的标点符号与汉语的标点符号在形式上与使用上大同小异。大致有以下几处:1.英语句号是实心点,而不是小圆圈2.英语的省略号“…”是3点,位置在行底;不是像汉语那样用6点“……”,位置在行中3.破折号的长度约占两个字母的位置。书写破折号时,与前后的单词应有一定的距离。4.英语中没有顿号“、”。要表示句中较短的并列词语之间的停顿,汉语习惯用顿号,而英语只能用逗号,汉语中连词“和”、“及”等之前不可用顿号,而英语中连接一系列并列项目的“and”或“or”之前往往可以用逗号。如:Sheslowly,carefully,deliberatelymovedthebox.类似的情况下,最后一个逗号后可加and,这个逗号也可省略--Sheslowly,carefully(,)anddeliberatelymovedthebox.5.汉语中直接引语前的“某某说”等词语之后一律用冒号。而英语中既可用逗号,也可用冒号。当“某某说”等词语在直接引语后时,汉语的引语末尾用句号,而英语一般用逗号。如句子It'snoneofyourbusiness,theyoungmensaidrudely.的汉语译文是:“这不管你的事。”年轻人粗暴地说。6.问号用在直接疑问句之后。间接疑问句是作为一个从句来处理的,不能用问号。如Ididn'tknowwhathemeantbythat.7.英语中没有书名号《》,书名一般用引号、斜体或者下划线表示。如:YesterdayshesawanEnglishfilm“GonewiththeWind”/GonewiththeWind/GonewiththeWind.。8.间隔号:汉语有间隔号,用在月份和日期、音译的名和姓等需要隔开的词语的正中间,如一二·九、奥黛丽·赫本(人名)等。英语中没有汉语的间隔号,需要间隔时多用逗点。9.着重号:有时汉语用在文字下点实心圆点表示需要强调的词语,这些实心点就是着重号。而英语中没有这一符号,需强调某些成分时可借助文字斜体、某些强调性词汇、特殊句型、标点停顿等多种方法。10.英语中的某些标点符号为汉语所没有。⑴省字符Apostrophe(’)使用所有格符号时,要注意放在正确的位置上,以免引起意义上的混淆。如myfather’sbook不能写成myfathers’book。⑵连字号Hyphen(-)⑶斜线号Slash(/):该符号主要起分割作用,如Itcouldbeforstaffand/orstudents.也常用于标音,如bed/bed/。汉语中标点符号使用的位置不同,往往使语句表达不同的含义:相传徐文长到朋友家里去,适逢下雨,主人写了一个条子跟他开玩笑,上面写的是下雨天留客天留我不留主人的原意是:下雨天留客,天留我不留。徐文长却读成:下雨天,留客天,留我不?留!这样就和主人的意思相反了。其实这一句可以有七种写法:下雨天留客,天留我不留。下雨天留客,天留我?不留下雨天留客,天留我不?留下雨,天留客,天留我不留?下雨天,留客天,留我?不留!下雨天,留客天,留我不?留!下雨天,留客天,留我不留?唐代诗人杜牧的七言律诗《清明》,是一首脍炙人口的好诗。清明时节雨纷纷,路上行人欲断魂。借问酒家何处有?牧童遥指杏花村。有人把标点一改,变成了一首词清明时节雨,纷纷路上行人,欲断魂。借问酒家何处?有牧童遥指——杏花村。还有人就《清明》一诗,不增减一字,只加标点,变成了电影的一个镜头,时间、地点、场景、对话皆有〔清明时节。雨纷纷。〕〔路上〕行人:(欲断魂)借问酒家何处有?牧童:(遥指)杏花村!CommaThecommaordinarilyindicatesapausewithinasentence.逗号表示很短的停顿,其用法可分为下列几种:1.用于并列词语之间。Sheboughtbutter,bread,sugarandrice.2.用于引导非限制性从句或短语。Shehasmanypencils,blueandred.Themeeting,attendedbyoverfivethousandpeople,welcomedtheChinesedelegation.3.用于同位语之前。We,hisstudents,listenedeagerly,busilytakingdownhiswords.4.用于某些用作状语的词语之前或后。“Whatisit?”whisperedEdith,fearfully.Whenthebellrang,theteacherdismissedtheclass.5.用于置于句首的直接引语之后。“Wehavedecidedtotaketheexamination,”shesaid.“TheSummerPalace,”hesaid,“islikeafairyland.”6.用于两个分句之间。Theheroisdead,buthisnamestilllives.7.用于独立成分之前或后。Gentlemen,Itrustyou.Yourwork,I’msorrytosay,isnotsatisfactory.8.书信末尾的Yourssincerely(多用于英国)或Sincerelyyours(多用于美国)之后须用逗号。9.用来连接反义疑问句。Sheisanewstudent,isn’tshe?10.逗号还常用于地址和日期。25SuzhouStreet,Beijing,ChinaOctober1,1949Indates,acommaisusedtoseparatethedayfromtheyeariftheorderismonth–day–year.Nocommaisusediftheorderisday–month–year.Shewasbornon24may1990.11.Withnumbersover1,000,commasareoftenusedtoseparatedigitsbythousands.Fromrighttoleft,acommaisplacedaftereverythreenumerals.319,08723,654,085写英文时用逗点代替句点、分号、冒号或破折号叫“逗号错”,这正是中国学生所要避免的。请比较下列例句:误:Itwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.(上面句子中包含两个不同的主语,而且逗号前后的句子是完整的,单独拿出来都能代表一个完整的意思。因此,用逗号违反了英文规定,即一个句子只能有一套主干。)正:Itwasraininghard;theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasraininghard.Theycouldnotworkinthefields.Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldnotworkinthefields.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldsbecauseitwasraininghard.Itwasraininghard,sotheycouldnotworkinthefields.Asitwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkinthefields.误:Theessayispoorlyorganized,thereisnocentralidea.正:Theessayispoorlyorganized;thereisnocentralidea.Theessayispoorlyorganized:thereisnocentralidea.Period1.Theperiodisusedattheendofadeclarativesentence,amildlyimperativesentence,andanindirectquestion.Ireallydon’tknow.Takeitorleaveit.Theyaskedhowthesemicolonshouldbeused.2.Theperiodisusedwithmostabbreviations:Mr.Mrs.Dr.U.S.A.a.m.p.m.U.K.I.Q.Incurrentusagetheperiodisoftendroppedfromabbreviations,especiallyfornamesoforganizations,newsagenciesandbroadcastingcorporations.UNUNESCO(联合国教科文组织)BBCNBC(国家广播公司)3.Periodsstandfordecimalpointswithinnumbers:0.45721ACTIVITYPracticeputtingfullstopsandcapitallettersinthispassage:Irarelyhavelunchoccasionally,ifIhappentobeathomewithmywife,wesometimesgotoarestaurantafterwardswealwayswalkalongtheseafrontwhenI’mworking,though,it’susuallyjustamatterofdrinkingsomeorangejuiceAnswerIrar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