戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第三章课件-Morphology

英语语言学EnglishLinguisticsChapterThreeMorphology3.1IntroductionThetotalnumberofwordsstoredinthebrainiscalledthelexicon.Morphologyisthestudyoftheinternalstructureandtheformationofwords.(thestudyofformsofwords)3.2OpenclassandclosedclassOpenclasswords---contentwordsofalanguagetowhichwecanregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsandadverbs,e.g.beatnik(amemberoftheBeatGeneration),hacker,email,internet,“做秀，时装秀…”inChinese.Closedclasswords----grammaticalorfunctionalwords,suchasconjunction,articles,prepositionandpronouns,towhichfewnewwordscanbeadded(e.g.theeasanewneutralthirdpersonsingularpronounhasnotbeenaccepted).3.3MorphemesWordsarethesmallestfreeform(unit)withmeaningfoundinlanguage.E.gTheboysleft.Inthesentence,thepluralmarking-sisnotafreeformsinceitneveroccursinisolation.Morpheme--theminimalunitofmeaning;thesmallestmeaningfulelementsoflanguage.Theycannotbefurthercut.Itistruethatthewordfriendshipconsistsof10letters,buttheselettersinisolationaremeaningless.Thepossiblesmallestmeaningfulsegmentsofthewordarefriendandship.---Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes,e.g.1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+bl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+ness6-morpheme（反对教会与国家分开学说）anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism1)Freevs.Boundmorphemes:Freemorpheme:themorphemethatmayconstituteawordbyitself(whichcanbeawordbyitself),e.gboy,girl,table,nation.Boundmorpheme:themorphemethatcannotoccuraloneasaword,e.gsindogs,alinnationaldisindisclosed,edinrecorded.2)Allomorphs语素（词素）变体---anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme语素的任何不同形式Somemorphemeshaveasingleforminallcontexts,suchas“dog,bark,cat”,etc.Inotherinstances,theremaybesomevariation,thatis,amorphememayhavealternateshapesorphoneticforms.Theyaresaidtobetheallomorphsofthemorpheme.e.gThepluralmorphememayberepresentedby:map---maps[s]dog---dogs[z]watch---watches[iz]ThemorphemeusedtoexpressindefinitenessinEnglishhastwoforms:abuildinganorange;Eachofthevariantsiscalledanallomorphofamorpheme.Herearespecialforms:mouse----mice[ai]ox----oxen[n]tooth----teeth[i:]Phoneme,morphemeandallomorphPhoneme/p/[p]Morpheme{-s}pluralmarkerofnounsAllomorphs:[s][z][is]3.4AnalyzingwordstructureRoot:thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity,e.g.friendasinunfriendliness.Rootsmaybefree:thosethatcanstandbythemselves,e.g.black+board;nation+-al;orbound:thosethatcannotstandbythemselves,e.g.-ceiveinreceive,perceive,conceive.Affix:thetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.Normallydividedintoprefix(dis-,un-)----morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers,e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.suffix(-en,-ify)morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothers,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,ion,etc.Prefixesmodifythemeaningofthestem,buttheyusuallydonotchangethepartofspeechoftheoriginalword.e.gwritev.---rewritev.Suffixesmodifythemeaningoftheoriginalwordandinmanycaseschangeitspartofspeech.e.ghelpv.---helpfuladj.StemAstemisaformtowhichaffixescanbeattached.Thus,inthisusage,theEnglishwordfriendshipscontainsthestemfriend,towhichthederivationalsuffix-shipisattachedtoformanewstemfriendship,towhichtheinflectionalsuffix-sisattached.friendship=friend(stem)+shipfriendships=friendship(stem)+s3.5DerivationalandInflectionalmorphemesDerivation:combinationofabaseandanaffixtoformanewword,e.gfriend+-lyfriendly.Inflection:grammaticalendings,e.gplural,tense,comparative,etc.e.gBesidesthesuffixes,whichareusedtoderivewords,thereareothersuffixes,whichareaddedtowordsasmarkersofgrammaticalcategoriesandhencecalledinflectionalmorphemes.Englishhasonlyseveralinflectionalmorphemes.1)nouninflections:-sboys,boy’sTheformisalsousedforverb3rd-2)verbinflections:-(e)d(pasttense)wanted-en(pastparticiple)-ing(presentparticiple)wanting-s(thirdpersonsingular)wants3)adjectiveandadverbinflections:-er(comparative)smaller,-est(superlative)smallestTypesofEnglishMorphemes:BoundMorphemesFreeMorphemesBoundRoots(lexical/grammatical)DerivationalmorphemeFreeRoots(Prefixes/Suffixes)Inflectionalmorpheme(Suffixes)3.6Morphologicalrulesofwordformaion---therulesthatgoverntheformationofwords,e.gun+ADJECTIVE=not---ADJECTIVEunfairunthinkableunacceptable…(Exceptions:sad---*unsadbrave---*unbrave)noun+-lyadjectivefriendly,daily,lovelyadjective+-lyadverbquickly(Morphologicalrulesmaybeproductiveorlessproductive.)3.7Derivation(definitionp.37)Class-changing:NV:lengthen,hospitalize,discardNA:friendly,delightful,speechlessVN:worker,employee,inhabitantVA:acceptable,adorableAN:rapidness,rapidityAV:deafen,sweetenAdjAdv:exactly,quicklyClass-preserving(unchanged):NN:nonsmoker,ex-wife,bookletVV:disobey,unfastenAA:grayish,irrelevant3.8Compounds&CompoundingCompounding---AwaybywhichtwoormorefreerootsarecombinedtomakeanewwordCompounds---wordsformedwithtwoormorefreefootsNouncompounds:daybreak,playboy,haircut,windmillVerbcompounds:brainstorm,lipread,babysitAdjectivecompounds:gray-haired,insect-eating,dutyfreePreposit