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汇报人：XXX小组成员：XXXXXXXXXUNIT61.Definition2.ReadingAbility3.HowtoWriteaReadingTestVolumeContents6.1Definition1.Readingisexaminedintermsofpurpose,activitiesandmaterials.(Fromtextbook)2.Thenatureofreadingcanbesummarizedasextractingtherequiredinformationfromawrittentextasefficientlyaspossible（Grellet，1981:1）.3.Reading(process),thecognitiveprocessofdecodingsymbolstoderivemeaning(readingabookorreadingmusic)obtaininginformationfromdevicessuchassensors.(FromWikipedia)6.1.1ReadingPurpose1.生存需要（readingforsurvival）Itisgenerallyintendedtomeetcertainneedsimmediately.e.g.Subwayindicator；Commoditypricelist2.学习需要（readingforlearning）Itisintendedtoacquireallkindsofinformationorknowledgetoenrichandupdateexistingknowledge,andbroadenhorizons.e.g.Postgraduateentranceexamination研究生入学考试Professionalfieldresearch6.1.1ReadingPurpose3.休闲需要（readingforpleasure）Itisneitherforsurvivalnorforlearning.Readingforitsownsack.（Wallace，1992:7）e.g.Readforrelaxation6.1.2ReadingMode1.泛读（extensivereading）Thiswaydoesnotseekforathoroughunderstandingofreadingmaterials,itonlyfocusesongeneralideaandthesmoothnessofreading.e.g.Detectiveormysterynovels；Longpassages2.精读（intensivereading）Thiswayisusedforreadingthematerialswhichareabstruse深奥的.Itdosenotpursuespeedorfluency,buttograspdetailsorunderstandaccuracy准确.e.g.Argumentativepaper6.1.2ReadingMode3.跳读（skimming）Itisoftenusedtoreadmaterialsthatneedtobelearnedthroughquickbrowsing.Thiswayofreadingischaracterizedbyitsspeedandgenerality.e.g.Newspaper；Magazine4.寻读（scanning）Thiswayisoftenusedtobrowsematerialsquicklytogettherequiredinformation.Itischaracterizedbyfastspeedandsearchinformationpointclearly.e.g.Commodityadvertisements;Findnamesornumbers6.1.3ReadingMaterials1.Dailylifecategories:letters,newspapersandmagazines,literaryworks,variousadvertisements,signsontheroad,timetableforrailwaystationsorairports,publicnotice,e-mail,variousinformationontheInternetandsoon.6.1.3ReadingMaterials2.Learningwork:textbooks,referencebooks,allkindsofreferencebooks,academicmonograph,papers,courseassignments,manualsandsoon.6.2ReadingAbilityDefinition:Readingabilityisatheoreticalhypothesis(理论假设)thatcanonlybeexpressedthroughdifferentskillsinthereadingprocess.ReadingSkillsmacroskillsgrammaticalandlexicalknowledgemicroskillsmacroskills篇章理解技能1.tounderstandexplicitlystatedinformation;2.toperceivetemporalandspatialrelationships,andalsosequencesofideas；3.tounderstandconceptualmeaning;(a)quantityandamount(b)comparisonanddegree(c)cause,result,purpose,reason,condition,addition,contrast,concession;macroskills篇章理解技能4.toanticipateandpredictwhatwillcomenextinthetext；5.toidentifythemainideaandothersalientfeaturesinatext；6.togeneraliseanddrawconclusions;7.tounderstandinformationnotexplicitlystatedby(a)makinginterences(i.e.readingbetweenthelines)(b)understandingfigurativelanguage(e.g.simile,metaphor);8.toskimandscan(lookingforthegeneralmeaningandreadingforspecificinformation);9.toreadcritically(e.g.evaluatingwritingstyles);10.toadoptaflexibleapproachandvaryreadingstrategiesaccordingtothetypeofmaterialbeingreadandthepurposeforwhichItisbeingread.macroskills篇章理解技能1.todeducethemeaningofwordsby(a)understandingwordformation(b)contextualclues;2.tounderstandrelationsbetweenpartsofatextthroughbothlexicaldevices词汇手段(e.g.repetition,synonyms)andgrammaticalcohesivedevices语法衔接手段,especiallyanaphoricandcataphoricreference前后照应(e.g.they,he;theformer,thelatter)andconnectives(e.g.since,after,although,despite,moreover);microskills语法词汇运用技能1.torecognisewordsandwordgroups,associatingwiththeircorrespondinggraphicsymbols;2.tounderstandrelationswithinthesentence,(a)elementsofsentencestructure(b)complexembeddinggrammaticalandlexicalknowledge基本语法词汇概念6.3HowtoWriteaReadingTestVolume6.3HowtoWriteaReadingTestVolume6.3.1TestSpecification这有利于我们把握考试难度、考试内容针对性、公正性等。TestTakers正确描述考试对象：这主要体现在texttypes和topics。特别是在学业考试中，texttypes应能代表学生们平时所接触到的阅读材料类型。TestContent考试内容的选择要有代表性：水平考试还是其他类考试?测试初级(elementary)中级（intermediate）还是高级(advanced)阅读能力?TestPurpose明确考试目的：阅读考试的理论构念(theoreticalconstruer)理所当然是readingability。但是在能力的体现(operations)上要具体化，而且要根据考试目的规定具体阅读技能(readingskill)的层次。TestDomain确定考试能力范畴：Texttypes：newspaperarticles、advertisements、timetables、pamphlets、shortstories、road/streetsigns分类：TypeAnewspaperarticles,shortstoriesTypeBadvertisements,pamphletsTypeCtimetables,road/streetsighsTestContent考试内容的选择要有代表性：这部分中的另一要点是focus，即对考试能力层次的要求。要求分为：识记(recognition/memory)领会(understanding)应用(application)分析(analysis)尽管不同级别的考试对能力层次要求会有所侧重，但考试题目不宜全部集中在某个层次上。TestContent考试内容的选择要有代表性：6.3HowtoWriteaReadingTestVolume6.3.1TestSpecification一要考虑到考试目的及方式；二是要考虑考试结果的可信度TestOrganizationandWeighting试卷结构和分值一要考虑阅读速度，二要考虑学生答题所需时间。主观题型的答题时间应多于客观题型，应用题和分析题的答题时间应多于识记题和领会题。TimeDuration考试时间在决定考试方式时，既要考虑考试效度也要考虑考试信度。考试要能够有效测试到被试技能或能力，同时又要保证考试结果具有可靠性。我们常常采取直接与间接测试相结合的方法。TestMethod：考试方式部分考试任务或考题形式应直接测试学生的阅读能力，而另一部分则可采用间接形式。TestTasksandItemTypes：考试任务或考题形6.3HowtoWriteaReadingTestVolume6.3.1TestSpecification制作一张阅读测试命题细目表，概括考试规范中的要点，供阅读卷命题时使用。TestDevelopmentChart：测试开发图选择答题类项目(如多项选择题、正误判断题)要提供标准答案；非选择答题类项目(如简答题、论述题)要提供评分参考答案。ScoringCriteria：评分标准详细说明监考