词汇学拼缀法截短法

4.4Blending拼缀法4.5Clipping截短法4.4BLENDING拼缀法Blendingisformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherword.Wordsformedassucharecalledblends（拼缀词）orportmanteauwords（混成词）.（Page82Para1）拼缀法是将两个词的某一部分合并，或者将一个词加上另外一个词的一部分而构成新词的方法。用这种方法构成的词叫拼缀词或者混成词。E.g.flush(脸红)flash+blush(使脸红)smogsmoke+frogBLENDING(Page82para2)AveryproductiveprocessWell-establishedModelsfornewformationE.g.hamburgerGermanseaportHamburgham+burgerbeefburgerbeef+burgerchessburgerchess+burgershrimpburgershrimp+burgerInasimilarway,（paga82para2line5）Watergate（水门事件）Specificcaseofpoliticalcrisisresultingfromscandalousdeception(欺骗)Muldergate(马尔德门)Billiegate（比利门）Cattlegate（牲畜们）具体的政治危机事件Structurally,blendingfallintofourcategories:(page82para3)1.head+tail(词尾)2.head+head3.head+word4.word+tail1.head+tail(page82)autocide(automobile+suicide)撞车自杀broasted(broiled+roasted)拷炙cremains(cremate（烧成灰，火葬）+remains)骨灰chocoholic(chocolate+alcoholic)嗜食巧克力的人skurfing(skating+surfing)溜冰板nucleonics(nuclear+electronics)核子的，核物理的chunnel(channel+tunnel)海峡隧道2.head+head(page82~83)comsat(communication+satellite)美通信卫星（公司）telex(teleprinter+exchange)电传电报Amerind(American+Indian)美洲印第安人的sitcom（situation+comedy）情景喜剧FORTRAN（formula+translator）公式翻译程序3.head+word(page83)medicare（medical+care）医疗保险Eurasia（Europe+Asia）欧亚大陆telestar(telecommunications+star)电视卫星telequiz(telephone+quiz)电视问答autocamp(automobile+camp)汽车宿营地4.word+tail(page83)lunarnaut(lunar+autronaut)登月宇航员bookmobile(book+automobile)流动图书馆workfare(work+welfare)工作福利制Reaganomics(Reagan+economics)里根经济政策tourmobile(tour+automobile)观光车Blends(page83para1)nounsoverwhelming(压倒性的)majoritytelecast(television+broadcast)(电视广播)verbveryfewguestimate(guess+estimate)（猜估）breathalyse(breath+analyse)（呼吸分析）fantabulous(fatastic+fabulous)(精彩绝伦)adjectiveevenfewerfumious(fuming+furious)(盛怒)（愤怒）Blendsaremostlyusedinwritingrelatedtoscienceandtechnology,andnewspapersandmagazines.(page83para2)Seriousmindedpeople:slang(俚语),informal(非正式用词)Instanceasblaxploitation(black+exploitation)(剥削黑人)sexaholic(sex+alcoholic)(性癖)bikethon(bike+marathon)(自行车马拉松)eggwich(egg+sandwich)(鸡蛋三文治)Advice：nottousesuchwordstoooften,particularinformalwriting.4.5CLIPPING(截短法)Anothercommonwayofmakingawordistoshorten,orslip(修剪)alongerword,knownasclipping.Itistheformationofnewwordsbycuttingapartofftheoriginalandusingwhatremainsinstead.(page83para3)截短法是指将一个较长的单词截短用以构成新词的方法。截短法截去原词的某一部分而将剩余部分作为新词来使用。e.g.omnibus---busaeroplane---planeexamniation---examClipping(page84para2)tobeeconomicalandsavetimebike---bicycle(自行车)auto---automobile(汽车)taxi---taximetercabriolet(出租车)Inschool,econ---economicsgym---gymnasticsmath---mathematicstrig---trigonometry(三角几何)Incateringbusiness,lunch---luncheonburger---hamburgercoke---cocacola1.FrontClipping(截除首部)Quake(earthquake)Copter(helicopter)Chute(parachute)(降落伞)Phone(telephone)Drome(aerodrome)(飞机场)2.BackClipping（截除尾部）deli(delicatessen)(熟食店)memo(memorandum)(备忘录)stereo(stereophonic)(立体声)gent(gentleman)fan(fanatic)exec(executive)(实行)disco(discotheque)(迪斯科)3.FrontandBackClipping（截除首尾）flu(influenza)(流感)jams(pajamas)(睡衣)fridge(BrErefrigerater)4.PhraseClipping（词组截短）pub(BrEpublichouse)zoo(zoologicalgarden)pop(popularmusic)perm(permanentwaves)(烫卷发)Fourcommontypesofclipping:(page84para3)Insomecases,clippinggivesrisetoalteration(改动)inspellingandpronunciation.(page84para4)在有的情况下，在截短后其拼写和发音会发生一些变化。FridgeBrErefrigeratorBike(bicycle)Mike(BrE)(microphone)Coke(cocacola)Pram(perambulator)(婴儿车)Telly(television)电视机Thischangeinformandsoundispossiblyduetotheinformalitytypicalofclippedforms.Forconvenienceandcasualnessinspeech,peopleoftenomitoneortwosyllablesfromaword;andthenitiswrittendown,anewspellingformiscoined(创造)tosuittheoralform.(page84~85)在单词词形和读音方面的变化可能是由于截短形式的非正式性造成的。为了说话的方便和随意，人们常常从单词中省略一两个音节。当这些口头形式被记录下来，新的拼写形式也被创造出来，以便和单词的口头形式一致。E.g.‘cos(BrE)(because)praps(perhaps)Afamiliaritymakerisaddedattheendofclippedforms.(page85para1line4)一个我们熟悉的标记被加到截短形式的词尾部分E.g.Hanky(handkerchief)（手帕）Comfy(comfortable)（舒服的）