Singapore-English新加坡英语.pot

SingaporeEnglish张时雨、朱枫、孙嘉、张晓娟、郭丽雅、张弛1.phonologyPARTA:oIncolloquialSingaporeEnglish,thevowelpairstendtobemergedintoasinglephoneme.o[i](beat)vs.[I](bit)o[e](bait)vs.[ɛ](bet)o[u](boot)vs.[ʊ](put)o[o](coat)vs.[ɔ](caught)Invideo:cokeandcockPARTB:/θ/and/ð/maynotbeusedinsomeSingaporeEnglishspeakers.Thesubstitutionsare/t/and/d/,respectively.Sometimes,however,asoundintermediatebetween[θ]and[d]maybeused3IntonationinSingaporeEnglishEssentiallyhasastaccatoqualitywithoptionalfinallengtheningattheend…(givingSinglishawhiningquality…)“HelloAuntieah!”2.SyntaxInthisarea,colloquialSingaporeEnglishdiffersDRAMATICALLYfromStandardEnglish.However,theeffectsarerelativelylocalizedinthattheuniquefeaturesareinfluencedbyindigenouslanguagesinSingapore.SubstratallanguagesonthegrammarofSingaporeEnglish:Hokkien,Cantonese,Mandarin,VernacularMalay(BabaMalayandBazaar)SyntaxItdiffersinfourparts:Topic-ProminenceOptionalSyntacticAgreementRadicalProDrop/MassiveNP-EllipsisCopulaDeletionA)Topic-prominenceCSEexhibitsstrongtendencytostartasentencewithadiscoursetopic.ThisisanarealgrammaticalfeatureinSoutheastAsia:Hokkien,Cantonese,Teochew,MandarinandMalay(1)[TopicZhébĕnshū]wŏqùniándú-guo.(Mandarin)thisbookIlastyearread‘Lit.Thisbook,Ihavereaditlastyear.’(2)[TopicAnjing]diagigitsamadiapunyatangan.(BazaarMalay)dogitbitewithhimmodhand‘Lit.Thedog,itbithishand.’(3)a.Christmas,wedon’tcelebratebecausewearenotChristians.b.Tomorrowdon’tneedbringcamera.(CSE)Invideo:Mediumcokealsogot.Bigcokealsogot.B)OptionalSyntacticagreementAgreementishighlyvariableandoptional,unlikeinStandardEnglish.Sometimesverbsagreefortense,sometimesdon’ta.WhenIwasyoung,ah,Igotoschooleveryday.b.Whenhewasinschool,healwaysgetgoodmarks.Sameforthirdpersonsingularagreementinthepresenttensea.Becausehewanttoseehowwealltalk,normally.b.Ifhehavelikearubberplantationorsomething,youknow.C)Radicalprodrop/MassiveNP-DeletionLiberalomissionofsubjects,objectsandotherelementsRobustfeatureandveryfrequentinCSEconversationsWhenweknowwhodidwhat,wedon’tneedtomentionthemagainandagaininCSE!eg:Yeah,cancycle,notverywell,butcancycle,ah,knockedmyselfagainstapillar…but(laughs)thenmanagedtopickup(laugh)cycling.Invideo:alsocan3cokeforapriceofoneD)CopuladeletionThecopulaverb(‘tobe’)maybeomittedinawidevarietyofcases.eg:a.Thatboatveryshortone.b.Whatyourdialect?Hokkien?3.PragmaticsThebestknownfeatureofcolloquialSingaporeEnglishwhichmakesitsounique---discourseparticles.TheyoriginateinHokkien,CantoneseandMalay.a.Becauseshewantstosingmah.Soshewanttouse,shewanttojointosing,sowejustgroomherlor.b.Thenthere’sanotherissue,ifyoumarrylater,womantendtohavemorecomplicatedpregnancieshor.c.Oklahconfirmah,Bangkok.Let’shaveatryah…It’smorelikeasurvivalthingah,withthreehundred.Invideo:Hello,Auntieah.Whichoneyouwantah?Iwilltakethatlah.DiscourseparticlesinCSEParticlesPragmaticMeaningsCSEExamplesahTentative,continuationmarkerThisboyah,alwayssonaughtyone!hahQuestionmarkerHereallyponnedclassyesterdayhah?horAttempttogarnersupportforapropositionThisshoppingcentreverynicehor!lahappealforaccommodationDon’tworry,hecanonelah!lehWeakencommandorclaimthatotherwisemaybeabruptGiveittomeleh.lorIndicateobviousnessDon’thaveworktodo,thengohomelor.mahMarkinformationasobvious/finalThisonealsocanworkonemah.watMarkcontradictionHeverygoodatsportswat.mehIndicateskepticism/surpriseTheyneverstudymeh?2020/11/6---THEEND---THANKYOU