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Unit1ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTING1.Artisinfluencedbythecustomsandfaithofapeople.StylesinWesternarthavechangedmanytimes.AstherearesomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itwouldbeimpossibletodescribealloftheminsuchashorttext.Consequently,thistextwilldescribeonlythemostimportantones.StartingfromthesixthcenturyAD.受影响习俗和信仰因此，结果=therefore/thus/so否定前缀（in、im、un、dis）certain,comfortable.important,interesting,able,fair,friendly,happy,healthy,kind,lucky,pleasant,tidy,usual等等active,correct,complete,direct等等patient,possible,polite,proprt等等appointed,like，appear等等前缀un:前缀in:前缀im:前缀dis：2.TheMiddleAges(5thtothe15thcenturyAD)DuringtheMiddleAges,themainaimofpainterswastorepresentreligiousthemes.Aconventionalartistofthisperiodwasnotinterestedinshowingnatureandpeopleastheyreallywere.Atypicalpictureatthistimewasfullofreligioussymbols,whichcreatedafeelingofrespectandloveforGod.Butitwasevidentthatideaswerechanginginthe13thcenturywhenpainterslikeGiottodiBondonebegantopaintreligiousscenesinamorerealisticway.画家的主要目的宗教的主题对…..不感兴趣充满了非限制性定语从句用一种更现实的方式(1)withoutaim漫无目的地withtheaimof以期……，意在……achieveone’saim达到目的missone’saim希望落空，失败takeaimat向……瞄准(2)aimsth.atsb./sth.用某物朝向/瞄准某人或某物aimat/forsth.力求达到aimhigh胸怀大志，力争上游aimatdoingsth./aimtodosth.意欲、企图、力求做某事(3)beaimedat目的是，旨在介词填空/用所给词的正确形式填空①(牛津P42)Teamworkisrequiredinordertoachievethese_________(aim)．要达到这些目标需要齐心协力。②(牛津P42)ShewenttoLondonwiththeaim_______findingajob.她去伦敦是为了找工作。③Inaword，theprogramaims______________(encourage)studentstobeactivecitizensandengagethemselvesinmakingadifferenceinsociety.总之，这个计划目的是鼓励学生们成为积极的市民并让他们在社会中发挥作用。aimsoftoencourage英语语法点：非限制性定语从句用Which，who,whose,whom填空1.Theseappletrees，_______Iplantedthreeyearsago，havenotborneanyfruit。这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。2.Sheisanartist，_______Iamnot.她是一位艺术家，而我不是。3.Water，______isaclearliquid，hasmanyuses.水是一种清澈的液体，有许多用途。4.Thetwopolicemenwerecompletelytrusted，________infacttheywere.那两个警察完全受到信任，事实上，也真是如此。whichwhichwhichwhich5.Peter,______youmetinLondon,isnowbackinParis.彼得现在回巴黎了，你在伦敦见过他。6.Theboy,______fatherisanengineer,studiesveryhard.那位小男孩学习很努力，他的父亲是位工程师。7.MrSmith，from_____Ihavelearnedalot，isafamousscientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家，我从他那儿学了许多东西。8._____itknowntotheUnitedStates,MarkTwainisagreatAmericanwriter.美国人都知道，马克?吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。whomwhosewhomAs3.TheRenaissance(15thto16thcentury)DuringtheRenaissance,newideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedthoseheldintheMiddleAges.Peoplebegantoconcentratelessonreligiousthemesandadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.AtthesametimepaintersreturnedtoclassicalRomanandGreekideasaboutart.Theytriedtopaintpeopleandnatureastheyreallywere.Richpeoplewantedtopossesstheirownpaintings,sotheycoulddecoratetheirsuperbpalacesandgreathouses.Theypaidfamousartiststopaintpicturesofthemselves,theirhousesandpossessionsaswellastheiractivitiesandachievements.adopt采用，领养adapt适应于，适应不同情况（或环境）(to)Anadoptedchild领养的孩子(1)bepossessedof具有(某品质、能力等)(2)possessionn．(常作复数)所有；财产inpossessionof占有；拥有；持有insb.’spossession＝inthepossessionofsb.为某人所有；在某人的控制下get/take/gainpossessionof拥有；占有完成句子/用所给词的适当形式填空。①Mr.Smith________________greatselfconfidence.史密斯先生具有很强的自信心。②Whenherfatherdied，shecameinto_________(possess)ofalargefortune.她父亲去世时，她继承了一大笔财产。③Theiropponentswereinpossessionoftheballformostofthematch.→Theballwas____________________theiropponentsformostofthematch.他们的对手在比赛的大部分时间里控制着球。waspossessedofpossessioninthepossessionof4.Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesduringthisperiodwashowtodrawthingsinperspective.ThistechniquewasfirstusedbyMasaccioin1428.Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintings,theywereconvincedthattheywerelookingthroughaholeinawallatarealscene.Iftherulesofperspectivehadnotbeendiscovered,noonewouldhavebeenabletopaintsuchrealisticpictures.Bycoincidence,oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecoloursusedinpaintingslookricheranddeeper.Withoutthenewpaintsandthenewtechnique,wewouldnotbeabletoseethemanygreatmasterpiecesforwhichthisperiodisfamous.5.Impressionism(late19htoearly20thcentury)Inthelate19thcentury,Europechangedagreatdeal,fromamostlyagriculturalsocietytoamostlyindustrialone.Manypeoplemovedfromthecountrysidetothenewcities.Thereweremanynewinventionsandsocialchangesalsoledtonewpaintingstyles.AmongthepainterswhobrokeawayfromthetraditionalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkedinParis.新的发明6.TheImpressionistswerethefirstpainterstoworkoutdoors.Theywereeagertoshowhowlightandshadowfellonobjectsatdifferenttimesofday.However,becausenaturallightchangessoquickly,theImpressionistshadtopaintquickly.Theirpaintingswerenotasdetailedasthoseofearlierpainters.Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbecameveryangryaboutit.Theysaidthatthepainterswerecarelessandtheirpaintingswereridiculous.ModernArt(29thcenturytotoday)Atthetimetheywerecreated,theImpressionistpaintingswerecontroversial,buttodaytheyareacceptedasthebeginningofwhatwecallmodernart.ThisisbecausetheImpressionistsencouragedartiststolookattheirenvironmentinnewways.Therearescoresofmodernartstyles,butwithouttheimpressionists,manyofthesepaintingstylesmightnotexist.Ontheonehand,somemodernartisabstract;thatis,thepainterdoesnotattempttopain