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Chapter11.whatisInternationalTax?Whatdoesitmainlyaddress(探讨)?InternationalTaxisasciencefocusingonaserioustaxissuesresultingfromdifferentandconflictingtaxrulesmadebyparticularcountries,jurisdictionsandresolutions(决议).Internationaltaxinaboardsencecoversnotonlyincomebutalsoturnovertaxes,etc.2.TalkaboutdifferencesbetweenChinaandUSAontaxationsystem1)TheUSAisacountrywithincometaxesasamajortaxwhileinChinawehaveturnovertaxesasourimportanttaxes.2)Thefederalgovernment,stategovernmentandlocalgovernmentoftheUSAhaveprettyrightstocollecttaxes,whiletherightstocollecttaxesaremostlycontrolledincentralgovernment.3)TheUSAusecomprehensiveincometaxsystemanddeductfeesreferstodifferentsituation.Chinauseitemizedincometaxsystem.4)Intherespectofestatetax,realestatetaxisthemainlyobjecttobetaxed.3.OndifferencesamongMacau,ChinaContinentandHongKongforthepurposeoftaxfeaturesaccordingtotable11)ThecorporateincometaxratesinChinaContinentisthehighestinthesethree,to25%.ThetaxbaseofChinaContinentIsworldwidewhiletheothersareterritorial.2)InChinaContinentwehavetaxesforinterest,royalties,technicalfees,managementfees(allofthemare10%fornon-resident,20%forresident),whiletheothersdon’thavethem.3)ChinaContinenthavevalue-addedtax,whiletheothersdon’thavethem.4.OndifferencesamongUK,ChinaContinentandSpainforthepurposeofCorporateincometaxaccordingtotable21)Spainhasthehighestcorporatetaxrateto32.5%.2)UKdoesn’ttaxformanyincomewhichChinaContinentorSpainwilltaxsuchasCapitalgains,branchprofits,dividends,technicalfeesandmanagementfees.5.OndifferencesamongChinaContinentandforeignjurisdictionsforthepurposeofwithholdingtaxesaccordingtotable31)Forbranchprofits,interest,technicalfeesandmanagementfeesmostjurisdictionsdon’tcollecttaxexceptIreland(collectforinterest)andChinaContinent.2)ExceptSwitzerlandfederaltaxratesofdividendsandinterestare35%andhigherthanChinaContinent,otherjurisdictions’withholdingtaxratesaremostlylowerorequaltoChinaContinent.Chapter2InternationalIncomeTaxation1.Howdoesacountrygenerallydesignitsincometaxationsystem?(bookpage50)1)territorial(领土模式）：taxonlyincomeearnedwithintheirborders.eg.HongKong.2)Residency(属人模式）:taxontheworldwideincomeofresidents,andimposetaxontheincomeofnonresidentsfromcertainsourceswithinthecountry.eg.theUSA.3)Exclusion(例外）:specificinclusionorexclusionofcertainamounts,classes,oritemsofincomein/fromthebaseoftaxation.4)Hybrid(混合模式):somegovernmentshavechosenforalloronlycertainclassesoftaxpayers,toadoptsystemsthatareacombinationofterritorial,residency,orexclusionary.2.Whyisitimportanttomakeclearsourceofincome?Tomakeclearsourceofincomeisimportantbecauseitdecididesthatwhetheraindividualorcorporationshouldpaytaxinacountryandwhatcreditscanitenjoy.3.Termexplanation:ThinCapitalization;ForeigntaxCredit;Withholdingtax;Internationaltaxtreaty;Deferralsystem;InternationaltransferpricingThinCapitalization:Thincapitalizationisamethodthattaxpayersborrowtoomuchmoneyfromoversearelatedpartyandpaymuchinterest,sothattheycanenjoymuchdeductionbeforetax.Bythisway,theytransferprofitsfromhightaxburdencountriestolowtaxburdencountriesorjurisdictions.ForeigntaxCredit（外国税收抵免）：Ifyoupaidoraccruedforeigntaxestoaforeigncountryonforeignsourceincomeandaresubjecttoresidentcountrytaxonthesameincome,youmaybeabletotakeacreditforthosetaxes.Takenasacredit,foreignincometaxesreduceyourowncountrytaxliability.Withholdingtax:Withholdingtaxistaxwithheldbythecountrywhenacorporationmakingapaymenttoitsresidentcountry,inwhichthefullamountowedtothatcorporationisreducedbythetaxwithheld.Internationaltaxtreaty:Internationaltaxtreatyisatreatyacountry(orjurisdiction)signedwithothercountries(orjurisdiction)foraffairsabouttaxation.Deferralsystem：Deferralsystemisataxincentive(激励措施)toencouragedomestictaxresidencetomakeinvestmentbroad.Butitmaycauseinternationaltaxavoidance.(缺点：可能造成国际避税)Internationaltransferpricing:Internationaltransferpricingisaveryimportantwayformultinationalcompanytoavoidinternationaltax.Transferpricingreferstoakindofnon-marketpricingactiontakenbyrelatedcorporationstoshiftprofitsformhightaxratecountriesorjurisdictionstolowtaxreteregions.Chapter3TaxResidence1.Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenataxresidentandanon-taxresidentfortaxliabilitypurpose?Ingeneral,ataxresidentbearsinfinitetaxliability,shouldpaytaxforallofitsincome.Anon-taxresidentbearslimitedtaxliability,shouldpaytaxforincomesourcedfromthecountry.2.Canyounamesometestsindeterminingwhetherapersonisaresident?forcorporation:place-of-incorporationtest,place-of-managementtest,residenceoftheshareholderstestforindividiual:afact-and-circumstancestest;abodetest;numberofdaytest(inChina:1~5year–temporaryresident,5year-long-termresident)3.Takeanexampletoprovehowdifferentcountriesapplydifferingteststojudgeaperson'sresidence?Forexample,Chinaforindividual:domiciletest,numberofdays(afullyear);forcorporation:place-of-incorporationtestorplace-of-managementtestirelandforindividual:numberofdaystest(183days),domiciletestforcorporation:place-of-incorporationtestorplace-of-managementtest4.Termexplanation:Taxresidence;dualresident;domiciletest;T