Chapter-9-English-Dictionary-英语词汇学-教学课件

ChapterNineEnglishDictionaryIntroductionDictionaryforEnglish-speakingpeopleisabookwhichpresentsinalphabeticalorderthewordsofEnglish,withinformationastotheirspelling,pronunciation,meaningusage,rulesofgrammar,andinsome,theiretymology.Itiscloselyrelatedtolexicology,whichdealswiththesameproblems:theform,meaning,usageandoriginsofvocabularyunits.differenttypesofEnglishdictionaries,theircontentsandcharacteristicsanduseofdictionaries.TypesofDictionariesMonolingualDictionariesBilingualDictionariesLinguisticDictionariesEncyclopedicDictionariesUnabridgedDictionariesDeskDictionariesPocketDictionariesSpecializedDictionariesMonolingualdictionariesMonolingualdictionariesarewritteninonelanguage.Thatistheheadwordorentriesaredefinedandillustratedinthesamelanguage.Themonolingualdictionaryisratheralatedevelopmentbecausetheearliestdictionarieswereallbilingual.Thetargetpopulationofmonolingualdictionariesaregeneralnativespeakersorsecondlanguageandforeignlearnerswhohavereachedtheintermediateandadvancedstages.LDCEandCCELDpublishedinBritainarebothmonolingualdictionaries.BilingualdictionariesBilingualdictionariesinvolvetwolanguages.ThemainentriesaregenerallydefinedorexplainedinthesamelanguagewithtranslationsasOxfordAdvancedlearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglishwithChineseTranslation,Orrathertheheadwordsaredefinedinanotherlanguageorgiventheirforeignequivalents.AgoodexampleisANewEnglish-ChineseDictionaryandthelike.AnotherkindofbilingualdictionaryisAChinese-EnglishDictionary(1995),inwhichtheChinesewordsandexpressionsaretranslatedintoEnglish.LinguisticdictionariesLinguisticdictionariesaimatdefiningwordsandexplainingtheirusagesinthelanguage.Theyusuallycoversuchareasasspelling,pronunciation,meaning,grammaticalfunction,usageandetymology,etc.Thesedictionariescanbemonolingualandbilingual.EncyclopedicdictionariesEncyclopedicdictionariescanbefurtherdividedintoencyclopediaandencyclopedicdictionaries.Anencyclopediaisnotconcernedwiththelanguagepersebutprovidesencyclopedicinformationconcerningeachheadword.Therethereadercannotfindpronunciationormeaningsorusagesbutotherinformation.Thewell-knownonesareTheEncyclopediaBritannicain20volumesandTheEncyclopediaAmericanain30volumes.EncyclopedicdictionariesEncyclopedicdictionarieshavethecharacteristicsofbothlinguisticdictionariesandencyclopedia.Insuchdictionariesonecanfinethegeneralinformationasinalinguisticdictionaryandlimitedencyclopedicinformationaswell.theentrieshaveawidercoverageincludingnames,historieseventsandthelike.Chamber’sEncyclopedicEnglishDictionaryUnabridgeddictionariesAsthenameindicates,anunabridgeddictionaryisanunshortenedone.Theoretically,itisacompleterecordofallthewordsinuse.suchadictionaryisthemostcompletedescriptionofwordsavailabletous.ItprovidesagreatquantityofbasicinformationaboutawordThebest-knownunabridgeddictionaryisWebster’sThirdNewInternationalDictionaryandTheWordBookDictionaryTheWordBookDictionaryItcontains220,000entriesintwovolumes.Itsdefinitionsaresimpleandclear,mostwithquotationsandtheirsources.Inaddition,itincludessynonymstudysectionswhichdifferentiatesynonymsanddiscusstheirusages.Thesupplementarymatterwhichprovidesusefulinformationconcerningdifferentrespectsofuseoflanguagemakeupover100pages.DeskdictionariesDeskdictionariesaremedium-sizedonescontainingwordsrangingfrom50,000to150,000.Britishdictionaries:TheConciseOxfordDictionary,NinthEdition(1996),OxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionary,3rdEdition(1980),LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,NewEdition(1987)Americandeskdictionaries:Webster’sNewWorldDictionary,2ndcollegeEdition(1980),andWebster’sNinthNewCollegiateDictionary(1983).PocketdictionariesThesedictionarieshaveabout50,000entriesorfewer.Suchadictionaryprovidesonlythespellingandpronunciationofeachwordwithafewmostcommonmeanings.Theycontainonlyafewornoexamples.Theiradvantagesarebeinginexpensiveandeasytocarry.Forsomeonewhoneedsadictionarybytheirsidetocheckspelling,orthemeaningofanoccasionalwordfromhis/herreading,apocketdictionarycanbegood.SpecializedDictionariesSpecialdictionariesconcentrateonaparticularareaoflanguageorknowledge,treatingsuchdiversetopicsasetymology,synonyms,idioms,pronunciation,usagesinlanguage,andcomputer,engineering,literatureandavarietyofothersubjects.Thesedictionariesmaynotbeverylargeinsize,yeteachcontainsmuchmoredetailedinformationonthesubjectthanyoucanfindinageneralunabridgedone.SpecializedDictionariesAmongthewell-knownspecializeddictionaries:TheOxfordDictionaryofEnglishEtymologyPracticalEnglishUsageCollinsCOBUILDEnglishUsageLongmanDictionaryofPhrasalVerbs,byRosemaryCourtneyOxfordDictionaryofCurrentIdiomaticEnglishWebster’sNewDictionaryofSynonymsLongmanLexiconofContemporaryEnglishSpellingItgivestheacceptedspellingforallwords,includinganyalternatespellingsinbiggerdictionarieswiththestandardfirstfollowedbytheirvariants.InaBritishdictionary,thefirstspellingformisnaturallyBritishfollowedbytheAmerican(ifany)onecanfindthedifferentformsofirregularverbs;variousformsofirregularadjectives;formsofcompounds;andsyllabicationofwordsTh