英文文献方法论

DescribingAcademicWritingCourseContentsDefinitionofMethodology1QuestionnaireDesigning2ElementsinMethodologySection3WritingExercises4WhatisMethodology?1.thesystematic,theoreticalanalysisofthemethodsappliedtoafieldofstudy,orthetheoreticalanalysisofthebodyofmethodsandprinciplesassociatedwithabranchofknowledge;2.theanalysisoftheprinciplesofmethods,rules,andpostulatesemployedbyadiscipline;3.thesystematicstudyofmethodsthatare,canbe,orhavebeenappliedwithinadiscipline;4.thestudyordescriptionofmethods--WikipediaDataCollectionMethods?QualitativeMethodsobservationin-depthinterviewquestionnairewithopen-endedquestionsdocumentreviewQuantitativeMethodsexperimentstructuredinterview(face-to-face;telephone;computer-assisted)questionnairewithclosedquestions(paper-pencil;mailed;web-based)Whatisaquestionnaire?aresearchinstrumentconsistingofaseriesofquestionsandotherpromptsforthepurposeofgatheringinformationfromrespondentsadata-gatheringdevicethatelicitsfromarespondenttheanswersorreactionstopre-arrangedquestionspresentedinaspecificorderaseriesofquestionsaskedtoindividualstoobtainstatisticallyusefulinformationaboutagiventopicagroupofprintedquestionsusedtocollectinformationfromthepeoplewhoanswerthem(usuallycalledrespondents)ThequestionnairewasinventedbySirFrancisGalton.QuestionTypes?Closed-endedquestionsopen-endedquestionsOpenquestionsClosedquestionsElicit“rich”qualitativedataElicitquantitativedataEncouragethoughtandfreedomofexpressionCanencourage‘mindless’repliesMaydiscourageresponsesfromlessliteraterespondentsAreeasyforallliteracylevelstorespondtoTakelongertoanswerandmayputsomepeopleoffArequicktoanswerandmayimproveyourresponserateAremoredifficulttoanalyze–responsescanbemisinterpreted.Areeasyto‘code’andanalyzeAdvantagesandDisadvantages?P51Stepstodesignaquestionnaire?1.Decidetheinformationrequired.2.Definethetargetrespondents.3.Choosethemethod(s)ofreachingyourtargetrespondents.4.Designthequestions.5.Putquestionsintoameaningfulorderandformat.6.Checkthelengthofthequestionnaire.7.Pre-testthequestionnaire.8.Developthefinalsurveyform.P51DevelopthequestionwordingDecideonquestioncontent.PracticemakingaquestionnaireWorkinsmallgroupsinanattempttodesignaquestionnairetoobtaininformationaboutstudents’attendanceandreasonsfortheirabsencefromclass.Whatismethodologysectionabout?providestheinformationbywhichastudy’svalidityisjudged.answerstwomainquestions:1)Howwasthedatacollectedorgenerated?2)Howwasitanalyzed?Thewritingshouldbedirectandpreciseandwritteninthepasttense.Whatincluded?Para.ContentsElements12345InvestigateperceptionsofEnglishneedsinamedicalcontextamongcollegestudentsinTaiwan341medicalstudentsintheDepartmentofMedicine,including97freshmen,74sophomores,90juniors,and80seniors,and20facultymembersinthemedicalprogramChungShanMedicalCollegeinTaichung,Taiwan,ChinaTwoquestionnairesThequestionnairewasgiventothemedicalstudents.Thefacultyquestionnairewasgivento20teachers.Thedatawerecomputer-analyzedusinganSPSSprogram.P40-41ResearchobjectiveResearchsubjectsorParticipantsResearchlocationMaterialsProceduresStatisticalanalysisThequestionnairetothestudentsincludes5sectionswith23questions:demographicinformationimportanceofEnglishincollegeandprofessionalcareersperceivedlanguageskillneedsandproblemstheactivitiesneededinafreshmanlanguagecoursesuggestionsfordevelopmentofcoursecontentandmaterialsaswellasdemographicinformation.Questionnairestothestudentsandthefaculty?Thequestionnairetothefacultywith16questionsin4sectionsP42Whatmaybeincludedinmethodologysection?P451)Overviewoftheexperiment:onesentencebrieflytellswhatwasdone(likeatopicsentence);2)Population:statethepeople/subjectsstudied,orthethingstested;3)Location:wherethestudytookplace;4)Restriction/Limitingconditions:precautionstakentomakesurethatthedataarevalid;5)SamplingTechniques:describehowthesubjectareselectedforthestudy;6)Materials:describethematerialsusedtoconductthestudyorexperiment;7)Procedures:Statethestepsoftheexperimentinachronologicalorder;8)StatisticalTreatment:describehowthestatisticsareexamined.3WritingPracticeKeysforreference3.1Readthefollowingsentences.Theyarealltakenfrommethodsectionsfromdifferentresearcharticles.Ineachcase,determinewhichinformationelementisrepresented.1.Atotalof369participants(52.7%female)ofEuropeanoriginswithameanageof27.2wererecruitedbyresearchassistantsinpublicplacesintheMontrealregion.2.Thedatausedforthecurrentanalysisconsistof60textstakenfrom20engineeringjournals.3.ExperimentersapproachedpotentialparticipantsbyintroducingthemselvesasstudentsfromtheUniversityofQuebecinMontrealandthenaskediftheywouldaccepttoparticipateinashortstudyonfacialexpressions.4.ThestudyaimstoexaminetheuseofSEFasatoolforprovidingevidenceofteachingeffectivenessintertiaryeducation.subjectsmaterialsprocedureoverviewP455.TheresultsofthetwoquestionnairesweresubjectedtostatisticaltestsofreliabilityandsignificanceusingSPSS.6.Envelopescontainingthesurveymaterialsweresenttothelocalbusinessmanagerofeachunion.Intheenvelope,therewereacoverletterexplainingtheproject,aquestionnaire,andapre-paidret