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1学术文章：Featuresonthelexicallevel:词汇上的特征①Terminology②Nominalization③Abbreviation④UseofsingleverbsFeaturesonthesyntacticallevel句法特征①LongcomplexsentenceForaccuracytoexplaincoplicatedideasclearlyandprecisely②Simple-presenttenseDescribesnaturalphenomena,processesandmakesexplanationvividandtimeless③Passivevoiceconvincethereaderoftheobjectivityofthedesciption④Non-finiteverbsparticiples,infinitivesandgerundsarefreqentlyusedinEST1：Whydoyouengageinscientificresearch?ReasonstoEngageinScientificResearch：（1）Personalinteresttoexploretheworld（2）Solvingpracticalproblems（3）Careerdevelopment（4）Technologicaldevelopment（5）Academicexchanges（6）Academicevaluation（7）Beingforcedto2：Whatarethetypes,thestructureandthecharacteristicsofacademicpaper?Intermsofdisciplines,theycanbedivivedintoThreelargecategories:（1）Philosophy（2）naturalscience（3）socialscience.Inaccordancewithacombinationofthecontent,target,methodsandotherfactors.①Argumentativepapers②Descriptivepapers③AcademicMeeting/ResearchReviews④BookReviewsCharacteristicsofAcademicWritingEnglishforscienceandtechnology(EST)referstothestyleusedinscientificandtechnologicalactivities.Theirfeaturesare:（1）Objectivity（2）Clarity（3）Coherence（4）Accuracy4：StructureofaDefinitionAdefinitionconsistsofthreeelements:(1)thetermitself,(2)thecategorythetermbelongsto,(3)thefeaturesoftheterm.5.CriteriaofaGoodDefinition1.Followrulesthathavetraditionallybeengivenfordefinition.2.Statetheessentialattributesofthatwhichisdefined.3.Giveexamplesofusage.4.Avoidcircularity.5.Mustbeneithertoobroadortoonarrownorleaveoutanyappropriateinformation,norincludethatwhichdoesnottrulyapply.6.Mustnotbeobscure.7.Shouldnotbestatedinthenegativewhenitcanbestatedpositively.6：PrinciplesofTitleSelectionValuePrincipleScientificPrincipleInnovativePrincipleFeasibilityPrinciple7：MethodsforChoosingaTitleIngeneral,therearesixmainmethodsforchoosingaresearchtitle.2(1)Consultyourprofessororanexpert(2)Participateinacademicconferences(3)Selectfrompuzzlingproblems(4)Readbooksandnewspapers(5)Choosefromyourowninterests(6)Doliteraturereviews7：StandardsforGoodTitles(1)AccuracyWordchoicesshouldbeaccurateandreflecttheactualsituation.(2)BrevityUsingthemostsuccincttextpossibletosummarizethecontents.(3)ClarityThetitleshouldclearlyreflectthesubjectofthepaper.8：WritingFormatsforTitlesTitlesareusuallywritteninthefollowingthreeformats:①Allthelettersofthetitlearecapitalized;②Thefirstletterofeachcontentwordsofthetitleiscapitalized;③Thefirstletterofthetitleiscapitalized.8：Somewidelyobservedguidelinesfortheuseoftablesare:①Thetableshouldbeself-contained.Thatis,itcanstandalonefacetofacewiththepaper.②Atableisusuallyplacedinapositionnearitsrelevantdescription.③Provideeachtablewithanumber(Table1,Table2,etc.)andatitle.④Thetitleshouldbeclear,concise,completeandaccurate.Trytousedescriptivewords,notabbreviatedforms.⑤Thetitleofatableordiagrammostcommonlyfollowsthesamethreemethodsasgivenaboveforthepapertitle.⑥Theformatofthecolumntitle.Thefirstletterofthefirstwordandpropernounsarecapitalized,otherwordsareinlowercase.⑦Notesoftable.Toexplainthecolumntitle,abbreviations,symbolsanddata,addnotesorfootnotesatthebottomofthetable.⑧Donotrepeatinformationinatableonlyifitpresentsnewinformation.⑨Itiseasiertocomparenumbersbyreadingdownacolumnratherthanacrossarow.9：Datacollectionandselectionusuallyfollowfourprinciples:（1）Centeredaroundthetheme（2）Trueandverifiable（3）Typical（4）Novel10：ThreeImportantStepsforDataCollectionandEvaluation（1）Understandtypesofresources.（2）Criticallyreadandevaluatethoseresources.（3）Takenoteseffectively.10：Fourimportantdimensionsincriticalthinkingandreading:(1)Structure(2)Purpose(3)Audience(4)Author11：CommoncriteriausedtoaccesstheinformationfoundontheInternet:(1)Authorship(2)Thepublishingbody(3)Pointofvieworbias(4)Referraltoand/ordisplayofknowledgeoftheliterature(5)Accuracyorverifiabilityofdetails(6)Currency12：Criteriaforevaluatingaccuracy:评估确定性的标准（1）Foraresearchdocument,thedataandtheresearchmethod(s)areincluded.（2）Themethodologyisappropriatetothetopicandallowsthestudytobeduplicatedforpurposesofverification.Thedocumentreliesonothersourcesorincludeslinkstothedocumentsthemselves.（3）Thedocumentnamesindividualsand/orsourcesthatprovidednon-publisheddatausedin3thepreparationofthestudy.（4）Thebackgroundinformationthatwasusedcanbeverifiedforaccuracy.13：Criteriaforcurrency:精度的标准（1）Thedocumentincludesthedate(s)atwhichtheinformationwasgathered.（2）Thedocumentreferstoclearlydatedinformation.（3）Wherenecessary,thedocumentincludesinformationontheregularityofupdates.（4）Thedocumentincludesapublicationdateora“lastupdated”date.（5）Thedocumentincludesadateofcopyright.（6）Ifnodateisgiveninanelectronicdocument,youcanviewthedirectoryinwhichitresidesandreadthedateoflatestmodification.14：FunctionsofanOutlineOutlinecanbehelpfultoshowthehierarchicalrelationshiporlogicalorderingofinformation.15：Reasonsforcreatinganoutline:（1）Aidsinthewritingprocess.（2）Helpsorganizeideas.（3）Presentsmaterialinalogicalform.（4）Showsrelationshipsamongideasinthepaper.（5）Constructsanorderedoverviewofwhatiswritten.（6）Defin