高考复习：非谓语动词

非谓语动词在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式（theInfinitive）；动名词（theGerund）；现在分词（thePresentParticiple）；过去分词（thePastParticiple）。谓语动词与非谓语动词的区别高考题点击：Suddenly,atallmandrivingagoldencarriage____thegirlandtookheraway,____intothewoods.A.seizing,disappearedB.seized,disappearedC.seizing,disappearingD.seized,disappearingD一、形式主动被动一般式进行式完成式一般式完成式不定式动名词、现在分词过去分词二、功能主宾表定状补不定式动名词分词todotobedoingtohavedonetobedonetohavebeendonedoinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonedone√√√√√√√√√√√√√√三判断过程：1.根据非谓语动词的位置判断其充当的成分2.根据成分进行功能比较3.根据逻辑主语判断非谓语动词的主被动关系4.根据与所在句子的谓语动词的比较发生的先后决定非谓语动词的时态四成分判定：1.Hereyoucanseeanoldchurchbuiltin1819.2.Hisexcusesoundstobequiteconvincing.3.Ittook(us)fivehourstogethere.4.Shewasgladtoseeherchildrenwelltakencareofinthenursery.5.Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.6.Canyoutellmehowtogettothestation?7.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.8.---WhathasmadeTinaexcitedrecently?---________________(admit)intoakeyuniversity.补定分词动名词不定式状表宾主补定分词动名词不定式状表宾主√√√√√√√√√√√√√√定语表语主语宾补状语宾语表语主语Beingadmitted1.Hereyoucanseeanoldchurchbuiltin1819.2.Hisexcusesoundstobequiteconvincing.3.Ittook(us)fivehourstogethere.4.Shewasgladtoseeherchildrenwelltakencareofinthenursery.5.Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.6.Canyoutellmehowtogettothestation?7.WhatIwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce.五、功能比较（一）不定式、动名词做主语的区别：1、动名词充当的主语一般表示抽象的、一般的、经常性的行为。不定式表将来的特定、具体的一次性的行为。2、在某些并行结构中，动名词和不定式是特定的对称结构，一般不能随意替换：1）在句子主语和表语同时使用非限定动词时，两者必须一致，不能交叉使用。eg.Seeingisbelieving.Tolearnistouse.2)在某些It做形式主语的固定句式中eg.Itisnogood/usedrinkingsomuch.Itisnoteasy（forTom）tofindajob.注意：Thereisnoneedtodosth.高考题点击：Fishingishisfavoritehobby,and_____.A.he’dliketocollectcoinsaswellB.hefeelslikecollectingcoins,tooC.tocollectcoinsisalsohishobbyD.collectingcoinsalsogiveshimgreatpleasure在and连接的并列句中，两个主语要保持一致的形式。动名词fishing和collectingcoins分别作两个简单句的主语。这句话的意思为“钓鱼是他的爱好，集硬币也给他带来极大的乐趣。”D（二）不定式、动名词作宾语的区别：1、动名词表示一般的、经常性的行为，不定式表示特定的、具体的行为。eg.Ilikeswimming,butIdon’tliketoswimtoday.2、一般介词后面不可用不定式作宾语，（except,but除外）eg.Hehasnochoicebuttoliedownandsleep.Ihatethekindofpersonwhodoesnothingbutlookon.3、及物动词后一般可用动名词或不定式作宾语，但1)advise,consider,enjoy,escape,excuse,delay,deny,dislike,finish,keep,include,miss,mind,practise,stand,suggest,risk,imagine,admit,can’thelp+doing2)agree,dare,decide,hope,determine,elect,choose,expect,fail,long,manage,offer,plan,pretend,promise,refuse,wish+todo4、有些及物动词可接动名词和不定式，但意义不同。rememberforgetregretstopgoontrymeanneedwantrequire1.Ratherthan____onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers____abicycle.A.ride…rideB.riding…rideC.ride…torideD.toride…riding注意prefer的几个常用句型：prefertodosth.ratherthandosth.preferdoingsth.todoingsth.prefer+n.to+n.c2.Mr.Reedmadeuphismindtodevoteallhehadto_____someschoolsforpoorchildren.A.setupB.settingupC.havesetupD.havingsetup3.---Howdoyoudealwiththedisagreementbetweenthecompanyandthecustomers?---Thekey_____theproblemistomeetthedemand_____bythecustomers.A.tosolving…makingB.tosolving…madeC.tosolve…makingD.tosolve…madeBB要特别注意to的词性，分析其为介词还是不定式。admitto，beaccustomedto，beusedto，stickto，turnto，devoteoneselfto，bedevotedto，lookforwardto，payattentionto,getdownto等（三）非谓语动词作表语的区别：1.不定式作表语表示该动作发生在将来，故在表示“目的、愿望、梦想、需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式2.动名词作表语一般用来表示“身份、职业”等。3.分词作表语起到形容词的作用eg.Ourplanistofinishtheworkatonce.Herjobwaslookingafterthepigs.Hisreportisinteresting.Thecupsarebroken.Thepurposeofnewtechnologiesistomakelifeeasier,_____itmoredifficult.A.notmakeB.nottomakeC.notmakingD.donotmakeB动词不定式短语tomakelifeeasier及nottomakeitmoredifficult都作purpose的表语。非谓语动词作表语时要特别注意两个问题，一是并行结构问题，二是时间问题。1.不定式作定语表示将来，要后置；2.现在分词作定语表动作正在发生，动名词作定语表其性能，用途；3.过去分词作定语表动作发生过；eg.ameetingtobeheldtomorrowameetingbeingheldnowameetingheldyesterdayasleepingcarasleepingboyaroomtoliveinabrokencup（四）非谓语动词作定语的区别：非谓语动词作定语时要注意以下区别：A)不定式作定语时要注意以下一些固定结构：•在time,chance,right等名词后；•在序数词后；•在wish,need,demand,requirement…等词后。B)表示被动意义的非谓语动词作定语时的用法：done表示已经完成的动作tobedone表示尚未开始的动作beingdone表示正在进行之中的动作高考题点击：1.Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.A.tosmellB.smellingC.smeltD.tobesmelt该题的谓语动词是attract，“闻起来很香”用来作定语修饰主语flowers。B2.Thepicture_____onthewallispaintedbymynephew.A.havinghungB.hangingC.hangsD.beinghung3.Therearefivepairs_____,butI’matalosswhichtobuy.A.tobechosenB.tochoosefromC.tochooseD.forchoosingBBhang作及物动词用时表示人为的“挂”；作不及物动词用时表示东西挂在某处的状态。本句中的hang为不及物动词，所以用现在分词作定语。动词不定式tochoosefrom和tochoose都可以作定语，问题是tochoose作定语时该名词是choose的对象；tochoosefrom作定语时，该名词是choose的范围。该题指的是范围.1.动词不定式作补语表示经常习惯性的动作，或动作全过程2.现在分词作补语表示动作正在发生3.过去分词作补语表示被动,发生过eg.seeTomdanceintheroomeverydayseeTomdancingintheroomnowseeTombeatenbyhisfather（五）分词、不定式作补语的区别：Pauldoesn’thavetobemade_____.Healwaysworkshard.A.learnB.tolearnC.learnedD.learning使役动词makesb.dosth.但改为被动语态后，则应为：bemadetodo。注意使役动词和感官动词后的补足语中不带to的动词不定式在被动语态中要加to。B高考题点击：1.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim_____.(95N)A.nottoB.nottodoC.nottoitD.donottoA为了避免重复，常用省略形式to来代替前面的动作。如：Wouldyouliketovisitourschool?Yes,I’dliketo.有些动词后面需要用带to的不定式作宾补，常见的还有：adviseallowcauseconsiderencourageforbidforceintendorderpermitpersuaderemindrequestrequireurgewarnaskwishwant等特别注意：hope,agree,demand,