1自旋偶合与裂分Spin-SpinCouplingandSplitting2自旋偶合现象e1n1n2e2CH2CH3低分辨高分辨J自旋-自旋偶合自旋核与自旋核之间的相互作用(干扰)偶合的结果造成谱线增多,称之裂分偶合的程度用偶合常数(J)表示,单位:Hz3自旋偶合不同的n和B,引起主峰间距变化,但J不变。不是化学位移现象。它不属于偶极距间的直接相互作用,对于液体来讲,分子翻滚运动很快,偶极距间的作用可近似为零。与化学键的键型、键角和核自旋有关。4由自旋核在B0中产生的局部磁场分析例如Cl2CH-CH2ClBoCHCH2自旋-自旋偶合机理5CH3CH2-BoCH3CH26根据Pauli原理和Hund规则,每个成键轨道最多只能容纳2个电子且自旋方向相反;同一成键原子的电子自旋方向平行;电子自旋方向与核自旋方向相同,核自旋能级升高,电子自旋方向与核自旋方向相反,核自旋能级降低。由自旋核在B0中能级的改变分析(接触机理)7对于Hb核,考虑Ha核对其影响时:ΔE1ΔEΔE2ΔE1=h(νb–J/2)=hν1ΔE2=h(νb+J/2)=hν2ΔE2–ΔE1=h(ν2–ν1)=hΔνΔν=J(Hz)HaCHbCEEE2E1B08偶合常数的表示自旋偶合的量度称为自旋的偶合常数,用符号J表示,单位是Hz。J值的大小表示了偶合作用的强弱。3JH-C-C-H2JH-C-HJab4J氢核a被氢核b裂分。邻碳偶合同碳偶合远程偶合*1CH3CH2BrJab=Jbaba*2偶合常数不随外磁场的改变而改变。J=Kppm裂分峰间距仪器兆数=常数9某组环境相同的氢核,与n个环境相同的氢核(或I=1/2的核)偶合,则被裂分为(n+1)条峰。(n+1)规律WedApr1210:16:352000:(untitled)W1:1HAxis=ppmScale=41.38Hz/cm6.5006.0005.5005.0004.5004.0003.5003.0002.5002.0001.5001.0000.500乙醇10某组环境相同的氢核,分别与n个和m个环境不同的氢核(或I=1/2的核)偶合,则被裂分为(n+1)(m+1)条峰(实际谱图可能出现谱峰部分重叠,小于计算值)。WedApr1210:21:202000:(untitled)W1:1HAxis=ppmScale=41.38Hz/cm6.5006.0005.5005.0004.5004.0003.5003.0002.5002.0001.5001.0000.500高纯乙醇J(OH-CH)≠JCH2-CH3WedApr1210:24:442000:(untitled)W1:1HAxis=ppmScale=2.59Hz/cm3.7003.6603.6203.5803.5403.5003.4603.4203.3803.3401111112113311464115101051......n=023451singlet,sdoublet,dtriplet,tquintetquartet,qsixtet裂分峰的相对强度比近似为(a+b)n展开式的系数比12(N+1)规律的近似处理运用范围:△ν/J6向心规则:相互偶合的峰,内侧高,外侧低。化学位移值(δppm):中心与重心之间。偶合常数值(JHz):相邻两裂分峰之间的距离13WedApr1210:40:132000:(untitled)W1:1HAxis=ppmScale=18.89Hz/cm3.8003.6003.4003.2003.0002.8002.6002.4002.2002.0001.8001.6001.4001.2001.000例:分子式C4H8Br2,1HNMR谱(a,b)如下,推导其结构BrBr14例分子式C8H12O4,1HNMR谱如下,推导其结构WedApr1211:14:462000:(untitled)W1:1HAxis=ppmScale=39.69Hz/cm6.5006.0005.5005.0004.5004.0003.5003.0002.5002.0001.5001.000OOOO1.142.296.872.291.1415核的等价性化学等价(Chemicalequivalence)化学等价与否,是决定NMR谱图复杂程度的重要因素。在分子中,若通过快速旋转或某种对称操作,一些核可以互换(Interchange),则这些核称之化学等价核。σ键的快速旋转导致的化学等价:CH3-CH2-O-,X-CH2CH2-Y对称性导致的化学等价:XYXXNXXHaHbabcdab16通过对称轴旋转而互换的质子称之等位(HomotopicorIdentical)质子,无论是非手性还是手性环境。ClHcClHdHaHbClHdClHcHaHb180o17磁等价分子中某组核化学环境相同,对组外任一核的偶合相等,只表现出一种偶合常数,则这组核称为磁等价核。磁全同的核既化学等价又磁等价的核。例如:化学等价,磁等价(σ键的快速旋转导致)CH3CH2OHCH3CH2OCH2CH318化学等价,磁不等价HaHbaaˊ,bbˊaaˊ,bbˊXHbF1baabcHaF2Naabbcˊˊˊˊ化学不等价,磁不等价:XHbHcbaabcHaFaabbXYˊˊˊˊabc,aaˊbbˊc,aaˊbbˊ19H3COOCCH2HaHbCH3CH3R1R3R2HaHbXXYHaHbHcOOCH3HbHcHfHdHeOOHbHaHc20偶合常数与分子结构的关系质子与质子(1H,1H)之间的偶合。其他核(19F,31P,13C,2H,14N)与质子之间的偶合。21质子与质子(1H,1H)之间的偶合自旋偶合的量度称为自旋的偶合常数,用符号J表示,单位是Hz。J值的大小表示了偶合作用的强弱。氢核a被氢核b裂分。邻碳偶合同碳偶合远程偶合*1CH3CH2BrJab=Jbaba*2偶合常数不随外磁场的改变而改变。J=Kppm裂分峰间距仪器兆数=常数22同碳质子间的偶合(2J或J同)Ha—C—Hb,用2J或J同表示。变化范围大。例如OHbHaCOOHOOHaHb21.5HaHbX3.19.110~16HzHb*CCHaHbzHa23影响2J的因素邻位π键的影响CH4CH3PhCH3COCH3CH3CNCH2(CN)2-12.4~-14.3-14.9-16.9-20.424键角()的影响:角增大,2J减小HaHbX3.19.1CCHaHb~2Hz1016~5Hz~12HzHbHa3+3109118120oooCHH25取代基电负性的影响:取代基电负性增大,2J值增大。SHaHbNHaHbOHaHb1.3897PhPhPh26邻碳质子间的偶合Ha—C—C—Hb,用3J或J邻表示27饱和型化合物3J与两面夹角φ的关系28Karplus方程:3J=J0cos2φ0.28(0o≤φ≤90o)3J=J180cos2φ0.28(90o≤φ≤180o)(J08~9Hz,J18011~12Hz)HbHbHbOHHaHaφ=60oJab=2~4Hz,φ=90oJab=~0Hzφ=120oJab=~3Hz,φ=180oJab=11~12Hz快速旋转的σ键,3J6~8Hz(为60o,180o的平均值)乙醇29环己烷:2Jae=2Jaˊeˊ~12Hz3Jaaˊ(180o)8~12Hz,~10Hz3Jaeˊ(60o)或3Jeaˊ2~6Hz,3Jeeˊ2~5Hz~4HzHaHeHeHaJeaJeeJaaJaeˊˊˊˊˊˊ30饱和型3J的应用:用于赤式和苏式构型的确定大赤式HaHb大小小大HaHb大小小大HaHb大小小(I)(II)(III)赤式构型的稳定构像以(I)为主,3Jab8~12Hz。若有分子内氢键存在时,以形成内氢键的稳定构像为主。31苏式大HaHb大小小大HaHb大小小大HaHb大小小(I)(II)(III)苏式构型的稳定构像以(III)为主,3Jab2~4Hz。若有分子内氢键存在时,以形成内氢键的稳定构像为主。苏式的Newman投影32麻黄碱(赤式构型)的稳定构像OHHaHbCH3NHCH3PhHaHbHOCH3NHCH3Ph(II)(III)伪麻黄(苏式构型)的稳定构像OHHaPhCH3NHCH3HbHaPhHOCH3NHCH3Hb(I)(II)333Jef=4Hz,分子内氢键,赤式构像,麻黄碱。343Jef=10Hz,分子内氢键,苏式构像,伪麻黄碱ThuMar2217:27:152001:(untitled)W1:1HAxis=ppmScale=21.67Hz/cm4.8004.6004.4004.2004.0003.8003.6003.4003.2003.0002.8002.6002.4002.2002.0001.8001.6001.4001.2001.0000.8000.6000.400NHHOecfabd35用于确定六元环中CH3为a或e键(实测17Hz)OHCH3CHOOH1234H2aH4eH2e18HzH3H3COHOHH3CH34HH4H3H2eH4aH2a24HzH3OHCHOOHCHO10Hz10Hz10Hz10Hz4Hz4Hz4Hz4Hz4Hz4Hz4Hz36用于判断烯烃取代基的位置烯烃HcHaHbXJab~2HzJac8~12HzJbc12~18HzJcisJtransJcis1~2Hz2~4Hz5~7Hz9~11Hz3738例C5H8O2的1HNMR谱如下,推导其结构FriApr1418:29:582000:(untitled)W1:1HAxis=ppmScale=52.82Hz/cm8.0007.5007.0006.5006.0005.5005.0004.5004.0003.5003.0002.5002.0001.5001.0000.500OOHHH2.361.167.244.774.47δppm:1.16(t3H),2.36(q2H),4.47(dd1H),4.77(dd1H),7.24(dd1H)39FriApr1418:32:042000:(untitled)W1:1HAxis=ppmScale=20.99Hz/cm7.4007.2007.0006.8006.6006.4006.2006.0005.8005.6005.4005.2005.0004.8004.6004.400OOHHH2.361.167.244.774.4740NONHS3.53.43.41.82.64.7XXJo6~8HzJ2,3=J5,63J2,53J2,53J2,5Jm1~2Hz~5Hz1.5Hz2.1Hz2.8HzJp0~1HzJ3,4=J4,5~8Hz芳环及杂芳环上芳氢的偶合41远程偶合大于叁键的偶合称之远程偶合。远程偶合(4J,5J)的偶合常数一般较小,在0~2Hz范围。芳环体系苯的衍生物Jm=4J~2Hz,Jp=5J0~1Hz吡啶衍生物J2,4J3,5J4,6=4J~2HzJ2.5J3,6=5J0~1Hz呋喃,吡咯类衍生物4J=J2,4=J3,51~2HzN23456X234542烯丙基体系高丙烯体系CCCXHaHbHcHaHbCH3XHaHbCH2YXXHaCH2YHbHaXCH2YHb43跨四个单键的折线型体系(W型)HbHaHbHaHbHaOHXOHNHO2NHaHcOHb跨五个单键的折线型体系44XHaXHaHbHbOXHaOHbXHbOHa其它体系的远程偶合45其它核对1H的偶合13C-1H19F-1H31P-1H2H(D)-1H14N-1H46I=1/2,符合(n+1)规律。1JC-H2JC-C-H3JC-C-C-H;变化范围大,在13CNMR谱中讨论。13C的天然丰度1.1%,如CHCl398.9%12CHCl3,1.1%13CHCl313C-1H47CHCl3的1HNMR谱如下hS1+hS2=1.1%h主48核磁共振氢谱谱图的分类(一级谱图二级谱图)自旋系统