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ErnestHemingway1899-1961TheLostGeneration•LostGenerationreferstothegenerationaftertheWorldWarI.Meanwhile,italsoreferstotheyoungwriterswholivedasexpatriates(移居国外者)inWesternEuropeforashorttime.ThetermLostGenerationwascoinedbyGertrudeStein(格特鲁德.斯坦)torefertoagroupofAmericanliterarynotables(Apersonofdistinctionorgreat名人)wholivedinParisinthe1920sand1930s.SignificantmembersincludedErnestHemingway,F.ScottFitzgerald,SherwoodAnderson,WaldoPeirce,andGertrudeSteinherself.TheLostGeneration•Becausemostofhisworkstakethewarasbackground,describethepainsandhurtthewarbringstohumanbeing,andreflectayoungergeneration’saimlessnessandlossofthebeliefsaftertheWorldWarI,theseworksimmediatelywontheresponsesfrommanypeoplewhosurvivedthewarphysicallybutwereafterwardsspirituallyandmorallyadrift(withoutdirectionorpurpose).Then,HemingwaybecamethespokesmanforwhattheGertrudeSteinhadcalled“TheLostGeneration”.TheLostGeneration•TheLostGenerationisalsocalledtheSadYoungManbyF.ScottFitzgeraldinhisbookwhichdescribesthedisillusionedyoungergenerationaftertheFirstWorldWar.Life•borninasmalltowncalledOakParkinIllinoisnearChicago•father:asuccessfulphysician,middleclass,lovefishingandhunting;mother:musicteacher•ahappychildhood;aloverofbrutalsports,suchasboxingandfootballinmiddleschool•Thoughhisfatherhopedhimtobeaphysician,Hemingwayrefusedtoenteruniversity.Hechosetobeareporter.•DuringtheWWI,hewantedtojointhearmybutwasrefusedbecauseofhispooreyesight.ThenHemingwaycametoItalytoworkasanambulancedriver.Hewasseriouslywoundedinthebattlefield.Thenightmarishwarexperiencechangedhislife.•*thesecondchild,andfirstson;•*raisedinOakPark,Illinois,asuburbofChicago；•*musiclessonswereusefulinhiswritingandalifelongpassionforoutdooradventureandforlivinginremoteorisolatedareas；childhood:•*attendedOakParkandRiverForestHighSchoolandexcelledbothacademicallyandathletically;•*firstwritingexperiencewasfortheschool'snewspaperandyearbook;schoollife:Hemingwayatthetimeofhisgraduationfromhighschool,1917•*workedasareporterforTheKansasCityStar(堪萨斯《星报》)beforeWorldWarIforonlysixmonths;afterhighschool:*joinedtheRedCrossAmbulanceCorps(红十字会战场服务队);*onJuly8,1918,woundedbutcarriedanItaliansoldiertosafety,receivedtheItalianSilverMedalofBravery;*wheninthehospital,metandfellinlovewithAgnes['ægnis],aRedCrossnursebutrejected;WorldwarⅠ:*beganasafreelancer(自由职业)andforeigncorrespondentfortheTorontoStarWeekly;*alsoworkedasanassociateeditoroftheCo-operativeCommonwealth,amonthlyjournal;*metHadleyRichardson,thefirstwife,andmarriedin1921;Journalist&writing:HadleyRichardson*settledinParisandcoveredtheGreco-TurkishWarfortheTorontoStar;*madefriendswithJamesJoyce,F.ScottFitzgerald;*HismarriagetoHadleybrokeupashewasworkingonTheSunAlsoRisesbecauseofhisaffairwithPaulinePfeiffer,divorcedinJanuary1927andmarriedPaulinePfeiffer,secondwife,inMay.LifeinParis(1921-1928):The2ndwife*In1928，theymovedtoKeyWest,Florida,tobegintheirnewlifetogether;*hisfathercommittedsuicide;*Duringtheearly1930sHemingwaywerebusywithhunting,fishing,bullfighting,travelingandwriting;lifeinKeyWest:Hemingwayhouse*in1937hereportedonthewarfortheNorthAmericanNewspaperAlliance(NANA)*heusedthisexperienceinSpainasthebackgroundforForWhomtheBellTolls;Afterthewar,HemingwaydivorcedwithPaulineandmarriedMarthaGellhorn,histhirdwifein1940andwrotethefamousnovel,ForWhomtheBellTolls,whichwasnominatedforaPulitzerPrize；SpanishCivilWar:*inEuropefromJunetoDec.1944;*involvedinthewaractivitiesasawarcorrespondentandin1947awardedaBronzeStarforhisbraveryduringWWII;*HeleftMarthain1945whenpreparingtoreturntoCubaandmeanwhile,hehadaskedMaryWelsh,Timemagazinecorrespondent,tomarryhimontheirthirdmeeting;WorldWarII:*hadaseriesofaccidentsandhealthproblemsafterthewar;*WhenhetraveledtothesiteofWWIandbegantoworkonAcrosstheRiverandIntotheTrees(《过河入林》);*ThenextyearwroteOldManandtheSeathebestIcanwriteeverforallofmylife“andwonthePulitzerPrizeinMay1952andInOctober1954receivedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature;Lateryears:Discouragedbyatroubledfamilybackground,illnessandthebeliefthathewaslosinghisgiftforwriting,hequitedeliberatelyshothimselfwithhisfavoriteshotgunintheearlymorninghoursofJuly2,1961;Suicide:Life•Afterthewar,hestillworkedasareporter.HewassenttoParisandknewPound,GertrudeStein,SherwoodAndersonandsomeotherfamouswriterswhoencouragedhimtowrite.•HealsoworkedasawarreporterintheSpanishCivilWarandtheWWII.•Heisatoughguywithrathermasculinemanner.Inallhislife,helovedtoughgames,suchasboxing,hunting,deep-seafishing,bullfightandsoon.Hewasinjuredmanytimes.Inalltheoperations,237steelfragmentsweretakenoutfromHemingway’sbody.Healsosuffered3caraccidentsand2aircrushes.Hewasadmiredasaherobylotsofpeopleandhislifestylewasimitated.•In1961,Hemingwayshothimselfwithguninhishome.AchievementsMajorThemesArtisticfeaturesWorks•(1)“TheSunAlsoRises”1926(DeepillusionofthewholegenerationaftertheWWI;thecharactersindulgedthemselvesindepravedlifetomakethemselvesnumb)•(2)“AFarewelltoArms”1928(atragicstoryaboutwarandlove)(Heroandheroine:FredericHenryandCatherineBarkley)•(3)“ForWhomtheBellTolls”1940(Spanishcivilwar)(alsoastoryaboutwaran