英语语言学conjuction教学教案

6.4.3conjunctionSotheyhangupasockforhimtoputpresentsin.Itisaveryhappydayformanyboysandgirls.OnChristmasmorning,althoughitisnotlight.Laterthatnight,FatherorMotherwillputpresentsinthesock.ChristmasDayfallsontheDec.25th.thechildrenwakeupveryearlyfortheirpresents.ChildrenthinkthatatnightoftheDec.24th,FatherChristmaswillcomedownthechimneyorfireplace.andleaveothersatthesideofthebed.Key:ChristmasDayfallsontheDec.25th.Itisaveryhappydayformanyboysandgirls.ChildrenthinkthatatnightoftheDec.24th,FatherChristmaswillcomedownthechimneyorfireplace.Sotheyhangupasockforhimtoputpresentsin.Laterthatnight,FatherorMotherwillputpresentsinthesock,andleaveothersatthesideofthebed.OnChristmasmorning,althoughitisnotlight,thechildrenwakeupveryearlyfortheirpresentsWhatisconjunction?Itpresupposesatextualsequenceandsignalsarelationbetweensegmentsoftheclauses.Fourtypesofconjunctionrelations:additive,adversative,causalandtemporal.1.Additiverelation:asucceedingsentencesuppliessomeadditionalinformationtotheprecedingsentence.(and、or、furthermore、inotherwords,etc.)e.g.I’masingleandIhavenoplanformarriage.Doyoucomehereforstudyorsimplyonavisit.2.Adversativerelation:thesecondsentenceconveystheoppositionalorcontrastiveinformationwiththefirstone.(yet、but、however、otherwise、or,etc.)e.g.Hewastotallyblind.Yethehadbeenveryhappy.Seizethechance,oryouwillregretit.3.Causalrelation:itreferstothecause-effectrelations.(so,then,therefore,consequently,asaresult,etc)e.g.Thisengineuseslessfuelandisthereforebetterfortheenvironment.MycarbrokedownandconsequentlyIwaslate.4.Temporalrelation:itreferstobetweenthetwosuccessivesentences:theoneissubsequenttotheother.(then,first,meanwhile,finally,inconclusion,etc.)e.g.Wemustsettlethismatterfinally.Iwenttocollege.Meanwhile,allmyfriendsgotwell-paidjobs.6.6.4lexicalcohesionItreferstothecohesiveeffectachievedbythechoiceoflexicalitems.twocategories:reiteration&collocation6.4.4.1collocationItreferstotheassociationoflexicalitemsthatregularlyco-occur.e.g.Sheisagoodteacher,butsheisabadmother.6.4.4.2Reiterationitmeanseitherrestatinganiteminalaterpartofthediscoursebydirectrepetitionorelsereassertingitsmeaningbyexploitinglexicalrelations.Fourformsofreiteration:repetition,synonymy,antonymy,hyponymyandmeronymy1.Repetition：Itreferstothereoccurrenceofthesamelexicalitem.e.g.Omyloveislikered,redroseThat’snewlysprunginJune;Omyloveislikethemelody…(RobertBurns)2.Synonymy:Itreferstothereoccurrenceoftwoormoresynonymsornearsynonyms.e.g.Ithinkthat…/Formymoney/inmyopinioninaword/aboveall/atleast/consequently3.Antonymy:referstothereoccurrenceoftwoormoreantonymouswordsorexpressionstocreatecohesionwithinatext.e.g.Itisthebestoftimes,itwastheworstoftimes,itwastheageofwisdom,itwastheageoffoolishness,itwasanepochofbelief,itwastheepochofincredulity,itwastheseasonoflight,itwastheseasonofdarkness,itwasthespringofhope,itwasthewinterofdespair,wehadeverythingbeforeus,wehadnothingbeforeus…4.HyponymyandMeronymyHyponymyreferstothereoccurrenceoftwoormorelexicalitemswhichareeithersubordinatesoringeneral-specificrelationwitheachother.e.g.IdidcleaninglastSunday,washingclothes,wipingthetable,sweepingthefloor.Meronymyreferstothereoccurrenceoflexicalitemswhichareinapart-wholerelationwitheachother.e.g.---theoldtreeseemstobedying.What’swrongwithit?---can’tyouseeallitsbarksstrippedoffbyalightening.Hyponymy&Meronymyplantflowervegetablecabbagepotatobeanlilyrose......calyxpetalbudroseFromeverymountainside,letfreedomring!AndifAmericaistobeagreatnation,thismustbecometrue.AndsoletfreedomringfromtheprodigioushilltopsofNewHampshire.LetfreedomringfromthemightymountainsofNewYork.LetfreedomringfromtheheighteningAllegheniesofPennsylvania.Letfreedomringfromthesnow-cappedRockiesofColorado.LetfreedomringfromthecurvaceousslopesofCalifornia.Butnotonlythat:LetfreedomringfromStoneMountainofGeorgia.LetfreedomringfromLookoutMountainofTennessee.LetfreedomringfromeveryhillandmolehillofMississippi.Fromeverymountainside,letfreedomring.Andwhenthishappens,whenweallowfreedomring,whenweletitringfromeveryvillageandeveryhamlet,fromeverystateandeverycity,wewillbeabletospeedupthatdaywhenallofGod'schildren,blackmenandwhitemen,JewsandGentiles,ProtestantsandCatholics,willbeabletojoinhandsandsinginthewordsoftheoldNegrospiritual: