霍桑红字ppt

NathanielHawthorneJuly4,1804–May19,1864Idonotwanttobeadoctor,andlivebymen’sdiseases,noraministertolivebytheirsins,noralawyerlivebytheirquarrels.SoIdon’tseethatthereisanythingleftformebuttobeanauthor.BriefIntroductionBornin1804inthecityofSalem,Massachusetts（马萨诸塞州）.EnteredBowdoinCollegein1821andgraduatedin1825.Publishedhisfirstworkanonymously（不具名地）,anoveltitledFanshawe《范肖》in1828.HeworkedataCustomHouse（海关）andjoinedBrookFarm,atranscendentalistcommunity,beforemarringPeabodyin1842.PublishedTheScarletLetterin1850.DiedonMay19,1864.MajorWorks主要作品1828Fanshawe长篇小说《范肖》1837TheMinister'sBlackVeil《教长的黑纱》1850TheScarletLetter长篇小说《红字》—atreatmentoftheeffectsofsinonthehumanspirit.1851TheHouseofSevenGables《有七个尖角阁的房子》1852TheBlithedaleRomance《福谷传奇》1860TheMarbleFaun《玉石雕像》theSalemWitchTrials.(塞勒姆女巫审判案)TheSalemwitchtrialsoccurredincolonialMassachusettsbetween1692and1693.Morethan200peoplewereaccusedofpracticingwitchcraft—theDevil'smagic—and20wereexecuted.Eventually,thecolonyadmittedthetrialswereamistakeandcompensatedthefamiliesofthoseconvicted.Sincethen,thestoryofthetrialshasbecomesynonymouswithparanoiaandinjustice,anditcontinuestobeguilethepopularimaginationmorethan300yearslater.Hawthornechangedthespellinginhisname,addingthe“W”tohislastnameanditissaidthathedidthisbecausehedidnotwanttobeassociatedwiththeSalemwitchtrialsthathisfatherhelpedpresideover.Hisancestors:WilliamHathorne,whoemigratedfromEnglandin1630,wasthefirstHawthorne'sancestorstoarriveinthecolonies.Afterarriving,WilliampersecutedQuakers.William'ssonJohnHathornewasoneofthejudgeswhooversawtheSalemWitchTrials.HawthorneandAmericanPuritanismPuritanswasthenamegiveninthe16thcenturytothemoreextremeProtestants（新教徒，基督教徒）withintheChurchofEnglandwhothoughttheEnglishReformation（英国宗教改革）hadnotgonefarenoughinreformingthedoctrinesandstructureofthechurch.TheywantedtopurifytheirnationalchurchbyeliminatingeveryshredofCatholicinfluence（加尔文教势力残余）.Inthe17thcenturymanyPuritansemigratedtotheNewWorld,wheretheysoughttofoundaholyCommonwealthinNewEngland.Puritanismremainedthedominantculturalforceinthatareaintothe19thcentury.PuritansbelievedthathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn.SomewereGod'schosenpeople(God'select上帝的选民)whileotherswerepredestinedtobedamnedtohell.Thesuccessofone'sworkortheprosperityinhiscallinggivenbyGodwasthesignofbeingGod'select.Therefore,everyonemustworkhard,spendlittleandinvestformorebusiness.Workinghardandlivingamorallifeweretheirethics.TheyregardedBibletobetheauthorityoftheirdoctrine.TobeabletoreadtheBibleandunderstandGod'swill,educationwasessentialforPuritans.PuritanisminNewEnglandmadeagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.ThePuritanshopedtobuildacityuponhill—anidealcommunity.NewEnglandalsoestablishedanotherAmericantradition—astrainofoftenintolerantmoralism.ThePuritansbelievedthatgovernmentshouldenforceGod'smorality.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adulterers,violatorsoftheSabbath（安息日）andotherreligiousbelieversdifferentfromthemselves.TheAmericanvaluessuchasindividualism,hardwork,andrespectofeducationoweverymuchtothePuritanbeliefs.AmericanPuritanismwasoneofthemostenduringshapinginfluencesinAmericanthoughtandAmericanliterature.Ithasbecome,tosomeextent,somuchastateofmind,ratherthanasetoftenets,somuchapartofthenationalculturalatmospherethattheAmericansbreathe.WithoutsomeunderstandingofPuritanism,therecanbenorealunderstandingofAmericancultureandliterature.HawthorneisinfluencedbyPuritanismdeeply.Heisnotapuritanhimself,buthewasgreatlyinfluencedbyhisPuritanancestorswhoplayedimportantroleinhislifeandworks,andwasdifferentfromhisancestors,hehadafeelingtosomeextentsofPuritanismasbeingintolerantandcruel.HeoftenexaminedandanalyzedsocialphenomenonintheviewofPuritanism,buthedetestedtherigidityofPuritanism.Melville:霍桑描写黑暗的巨大力量，是由于受到加尔文派交易关于与生俱来的堕落与原罪思想的影响。没有一位思想深邃的人能摆脱这种思想所发生的各种形式的影响。Hawthorne评价Melville：“他即不肯信教，又对自己的不信感到惶恐不安。”对霍桑同样适用HawthorneandtranscendentalismNathanielHawthornewasoneofthemostoutstandingromanticistsinthenineteenthcentury.Hiscreationwascloselyrelatedtothephilosophicalinhistime–transcendentalism.Ononehand,asdisplayedinsomeofhisworkstheideaofself-examination自省,self-reliance自恃,breakingthetheologicaldisciplineslikethetheoryofdestiny（命运）,andthewidelyusedtechniquesymbolismembodiedtosomeextenttotheconnotationoftranscendentalism;Ontheotherhand,Hawthornewasnotatranscendentalistanddidnotwhollyembracetranscendentalism.Hehadquiteoppositeopinionwiththetranscendentalistsoverwhetherhumannatureisgoodorevil,andhaddifferentviewsonwayofcommunicationbetweenhumanandGod.Evenonself-reliance,Hawthornewasnotasthoroughasthetranscendentalists.However,Hawthornehadagreatdealtodowithtranscendentalism.Identifywithtranscendentalismshowedtheimpactoftranscendentalism,whilecriticismmeantoppositestandagainsttranscendentalism.Inthisway,wecanconcludethatHawthornewasinfluencedbytranscendentalism:heidentifiedandacceptedsomeideasoftranscendentalism,andatthesametimenegatedandopposedothers.ContrastHawthorneandEmersonSimilarity:theyareboththerepresentativewritersintheperiodoftranscendentalist,an