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•英语写作之二句子写作外语部齐红(38)句子定义及作用句子成分和句子类型常见错误句句子写作原则句子多样性及长难句写法一、句子句子是文章基础，是作者表达思想最小语言单位。句子的质量直接影响文章质量。写作基本要求——句子语法正确。好文章的共性——句型多样。提高写作水平首先必须写好句子，掌握不同句型的写法，根据需要进行灵活的句型转换，使文中的句子长短错落，起伏有致。下面几个句子正确吗?如果有误,怎么改?1.Themeetingwilluntil3:00.2.Workhard,youwillsucceed.3.Thereareonly4studentstakepartinthesportmeeting.lastand^^^whotaking/totake句子是由词按照一定的规则组成的能够表达一个独立完整意义的语言单位。主语陈述和说明的对象谓语对主语动作进行陈述和说明的文字宾语动作涉及的限定的文字对象定语对名词进行修饰和状语对形容词、动词、副词、句子进行修饰的文字补语对宾语进行补充说明的文字表语在系动词之后，对主语进行说明的文字句子成份再复习主·谓·宾·表·补·定·状·S---subjectP---predicateO---objectAttri.---attributeAdv.---adverbialC---complementP----predicative1、按句子功能分类？2、按语法结构分类？1按句子功能分类陈述句（declarativesentence）疑问句（interrogativesentence）祈使句（imperativesentence）感叹句（exclamatorysentence）2按语法结构分类简单句（simplesentence)并列句(compoundsentence)复合句(complexsentence)和并列复合句(compound-complexsentences)(一)、按句子的用途可分四种：1、陈述句（肯定、否定）：Heissixyearsold;Shedidn’thearofyoubefore.2、疑问句（一般、特殊、选择、反意）：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,can’tshe?3、祈使句Becareful,boys;Don’ttalkinclass4、感叹句Howclevertheboyis!句子功能分类再复习陈述句（declarativesentence）疑问句（interrogativesentence）祈使句（imperativesentence）感叹句（exclamatorysentence）你会造句吗？1、陈述句…..2、疑问句…..3、祈使句…..4、感叹句…..句子类型（语法分类）简单句并列句复合句2HowtosaytheminEnglish•简单句（simplesentence)•并列句(compoundsentence)•复合句(complexsentence)和并列复合句(compound-complexsentences)简单句：主语（或并列主语）部分+谓语（并列谓语）部分并列句：简单句+并列引导词+简单句；常见的并列引导词：and，or，so，for，but，notonly...butalso,either...or,neither...nor,when,while，therefore等复合句:简单句+从属连接词+简单句常见从属引导词：whether,as,if,since等。所有的句子都是由五个基本句型转换来的。三种句子定义与区别1、简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简单句。例如：Alicestudiedhard.LiMingandZhangHuaworkinthesamefactory.BothTonyandJimgotoschoolatseveninthemorning,havelunchthereandcomebackatfiveintheafternoon.•主语＋不及物动词（S+V）•主语＋及物动词＋宾语(S+V+O)•主语＋系动词＋表(S+V+P)•主语＋及物动词+间宾+直宾(S+V+Oi+Od)•主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补语•(S+V+O+C)简单句的五种基本句型五种简单句型及例句1.主语+不及物动词2.主语+及物动词+宾语Birdsfly.Busesrunfromdawntillmidnight.Wearestudyinghard.Wehavereadmanybooks.Theydoshoppingattheweekend.WearelearningEnglish.3.主语+系动词+表语4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语Wearestudents.Thatsoundsgood.HegaveTomapresent.Heofferedmeajob.Wemadehimourmonitor.Themanagerthinkstheplanpractical.Hewillhavehisbikerepaired.Iwon’thaveyouspeakingtoherlikethat.英语系动词分几类？有哪些？1、表示状态系动词：be，说明主语状态（am、are、is、was、were）2、表示持续性系动词：keep、stay、lie、stand、remain3、表“像”系动词：“看起来像”seem、look、appear4、感官系动词：feel、smell、sound、taste等，主语往往是物，不是人5、表示变化系动词：become、grow、turn、fall、get、go6、表终止系动词：prove、turnout1、2、3、4、5、SVSVOSVPSVOOSVOC并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：Wefishedallday;wedidn’tcatchanything.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：Wefishedallday;however,wedidn’tcatchathing.用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）Wefishedallday,but(we)didn’tcatchathing.并列句常用并列连词coordinatingconjunctions•平行并列连词:•转折并列连词：•因果并列连词:•选择并列连词:and,both…and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor,andthenbut,however,while,yetfor,so,thereforeor,either…orExercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。Hewastired,sohewenttobed.1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.2.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidn’tkeepit.Hemadeapromise,buthedidn’tkeepit.Thechildhidbehindhismother'sskirt,forhewasafraidofthedog.复合句=主句+从句由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。主句:具有完整的句意,可以独立存在。从句:句意不完整,不能独立存在，必须和主句连用。复合句▲复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句2.宾语从句3.表语从句4.定语从句5.状语从句6.同位语从句▲写作最常使用从句名词从句状语从句定语从句Idon’tknowhim.宾语从句thatheisleavingforWashington.whenheisleavingforWashington.whyheisleavingforWashington.howheisleavingforWashington.whetherheisleavingforWashington.宾语从句例句主语从句thepeoplesurprisedThatWhathesaidWhathedid主语Thathedidn’tknowtheanswerthere.定语whoweresittingintheroom.whowerepresent.whosesonswereatwar.whohadsignedthecontract.定语从句区别限定性定从VS非限定性定从形式限ThevillagewhereIgrewupisabeautifulplace.非IspentawholeafternoonwithTom,whowasveryhelpful.功能限They’retwogirls.ThegirlthatIlikeiskind.非MysisterEllen,whoisnice,isanurse.先行限TheEnglishmanthatIknowisPeter.词非Mikesoldthehouse,whichmadehisfatherangry.关系注意词无“，”，去掉从句意思不完整去掉从句不影响表达既可以修饰单个名词，也可是整个句子通常修饰单个名词或代词①that不能引导非限定性定从。②whom在非限定从中不能用who代替。③引导非限定从的关系词，即使作宾语也不可省略。非限定性和限定性定语从句试比较Shehasasonwhoisadoctor.（不止一个）Shehasason,whoisadoctor.（仅有一个）Hesaidnothingthatmadeherangry.Hesaidnothing,whichmadeherangry.表语从句Thatisthefact.表语whatheneeds.whathegaveme.whyhewaslate.whathashappened.Theearthisround,___isknowntoall.___isknowntoall,theearthisround___isknowntoallthattheearthisround.asAsIt定语从句在句首时只能用as,as具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的•ThisisthesamebookasIlost.•ThisisthesamebookthatIlost.这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。这本书就是我丢的那本。状语从句（九类）1时间2地点3原因4结果5目的6条件7让步8方式9程度状语从句1)时间状语从句Waituntilyouarecalled.Whenspringcomes,leavesturngreen.常用的关联词有：as,after,before,since,till/until,when,while,assoonas,whenever等2)地点状语从句Putitwhereyoufoundit.Sitdownwhereveryoulike.常用的关联词有：where,wherever,anywhere3)原因状语从句AsIdidn’tknowtheway,Iaskedapoliceman常用的关联词有：because,as,since4)结果状语从句IwasinthebathsothatIdidn’thearthetelephone.常用的关联词有：so,sothat,suchthat,that5)目的状语从句I’llshowyousoyouwillseehowit’sdone.常用的关联词有：so,sothat,inorderthat6)条件状语从句Ifitsnowstomorrow,wewillbuildasnowman.常用的关联词有：if,unless,incasethat,onconditionthat…常用的关联词有：though,although,ifevenif,eventhough,7)让步状语从句Though