国籍贸易实务--Chapter-7-International-Cargo-Transport.pp

Chapter7InternationalCargoTransportContentsModesoftransportClauseofshipmentMajorshippingdocumentsModesofTransportOceanCarriageOverviewofInternationalCargoTransportationInlandTrans.WaterTrans.ContainerTrans.River-seaCostalTrans.CombinedSeaTrans.InshoreTrans.Trans.LandBridgeTrans.Ocean-goingTrans.ICTInt’lMultimodalTrans.RailTrans.LandTrans.AirTrans.RoadTrans.PipeTrans.PostalTrans.OceanCarriage123FeaturesOperationalmodesFreightrates4ImportanttypesofvesselsFeaturesofOceanCarriageAdvantages+Theeasypassagesinceabout70%oftheearthiscoveredbywater.+largedischargecapacity+Theunitdistributioncostreduced.+Goodadaptabilitytocargoesofdifferentsize,weight,shape,etcOceancarriageDisadvantages-Vulnerabletoweather-Lesspunctual-Highrisk-LowspeedMajorOceanCarriageModesLinerTransportCharterTransportOceancarrigemodesApassengerorcargovesselthatoperatesoveraregularrouteaccordingtoanadvertisedtime-table.Featuresfixedroute,ports,scheduleandrelativelyfixedfreightloadingandunloadingchargesincludedinfreightsimpleproceduresandidealforcargoofsmallquantityLinerTransportCharterTransportThepracticeofpayingmoneytoashippingcompanytousetheirboats.Features:Muchcheaperthanthatoftheliner.Shippersmaychoosedirectroute.Widelyusedintransportingbulkcargoes.VoyageCharterTimeCharterBareboatCharter1Thecharterorhiringofavesselandcrewforasinglevoyagesingletripcharter单航次租船returntripcharter来回程航次租船consecutivevoyages连续航次程租2Thecharterofashipforadefiniteperiodoftime.Theshipownerisresponsibleforprovidingseaworthyshipandtherelatedcharges.Therenterhastherighttodispatchtheship,butbearallexpendituresintransit,suchaschargesforfuels,portandloading&unloading.3Ashipwithoutcrewandship’smasterThechartererisresponsibleforcrewing,provisioningandfuelling,maintainingandevenpayingdifferenttaxesordutieswithinaperiodoftime,usuallyanumberofyearsOceanFreightRatesFreightisaspecialunitusedincalculatingchargesthatmustbepaidforshippingthecargo.Freightiscollectedindifferentways.Shippersshouldbefamiliarwiththeminordertoestimateandreduce,ifpossible,thecostoftransport.Oceanfreightmaybebroadlydividedintolinerfreightandcharterfreight.FactorsinfluencingfreightratesFactorsinfluencingfreightratesCompetition.Keencompetitiononratesexistsamongvariousmodesoftransport.Thenatureofthecommodity,itsquantity,periodofshipmentandoverallcubicmeasurements/dimensions/value.Theoriginanddestinationofthecargo.Theoveralltransitcost.Thenatureofpackagingandconvenienceofhandling.Thesusceptibilityofthecargotodamageandpilferage.Provisionofadditionalfacilitiestoaccommodatethecargo,namelyheavylifts,livestockfacilities,etc.Themodesoftransport.Logistics-thesupplychainvalueaddedbenefit.ValueaddedbenefitIthasbecomeaprominentfactorinrecentyearsinrateassessment.Suchbenefitderivesfromthemodesofdistributionused.Theoverallratemaybehigh,butitenablescostsavingstoberealizedinreliability,frequencyandtransittime,andtheoverallqualityoftheservicewhichinvolvesthetotalproductconceptembracingallthedistributioningredients.LinerFreightThefreightoflinerscomprisesbasicchargesandadditionalcharges.Severalwaysareusedincalculatingthebasiccharges:1)Byweightton（重量吨）,shortenedasW/T.Aweighttoncanbeametrictonoralongton,asisdecidedbythelinercompanies.CargoesthatarechargedbyW/Taremarked“W”intheliner’sfreighttariff.2)Bymeasurementton（尺码吨）,shortenedasM/T.Ameasurementtoniseitheronecubicmeteror40cubicfeet.CargoesthatarechargedbyM/Taremarked“M”intheliner’sfreighttariff.W/TandM/Taretogethercalledfreightton（运费吨）.Generally,thefirstisappliedtogoodswithmoregravitywhilethelatterwithlessgravity.3)BytotalFOBpriceofthegoods（从价运费）.Cargoesthatarechargedinthiswayaremarked“A.V”or“adval”intheliner’sfreighttariff.4)ByeitherW/TorM/TorA.V.,whicheverthehighest.GoodsthatarechargedinthiswayaremarkedW/Mintheliner’sfreighttariff.SomegoodsaremarkedW/MorA.V.intheliner’sfreighttariff.ThismeansthatthegoodswillbechargedbyeitherthemeasurementtonortheweighttonorthetotalFOBprice,whicheverthehighest.WhileifthefreightofakindofgoodsistobechargedbyW/MplusA.V.,thenthefreightwillbechargedbyeitherthemeasurementtonortheweightton,whicheverthehighest,plusacertainpercentagebyA.V..5)Bythenumberofthegoods(按件计价).Goodslikecattle,trucksarechargedinthisway.6)Asarrangedbytheconsignorandthecarrier.Freightisusuallydiscussedbytheconsignorandthecarrierforthegoodslikegrain,mineralore,coal,etc..Freightoflinershasinittheloadingandtheunloadingcharges.Greatattentionshouldbepaidtothevariousadditionalcharges.Afewofthemarelistedhere:bunker（燃料）adjustmentfactor(BAF),longlengthadditionalcharges,transshipmentsurcharge,portcongestionsurcharge,optionalfees,alterationcharge,currencyadjustmentfactor(CAF),portsurcharge,etc..Additionalchargesshouldnotbeoverlookedinthequotationofthegoods.TheCalculationoftheFreightofLinersTogetthefreightofyourcargoesyouneedto:a)knowthegradeofthegoods(bylookingupforyourgoodsinthefreighttariffwhichlistsvariousgoodsinalphabeticalorder)andbywhichmethoditistobechargedbyM/TorW/TorA.V.orothers.b)withtheinformationhereuponachieved,getthebasicfreightratesofthegoods,whichisg