初级语法BasicGrammar词类PartsofSpeech1.词类(PartsofSpeech)•英语可以分为以下10种词类(加粗的是词典中用的符号,后面括号中的词是英语全名)1.名词(即人或事物的名称)-n.(noun)boy,dancer,flower,beauty,country2.冠词(用在名词前,帮助说明其意义)-art.(article)a,an,the3.动词(表示动作或状态)-v.(verb)go,do,see,work,feel4.形容词(表示人或事物的特征)ad.(adjective)good,easy,new,beautiful5.副词(表示动作特征或性状特征)-adv.(adverb)beautifully,carefully,hard,up,very6.代词(代替名词或数词)-pron.(pronoun)we,these,some,everybody,what7.数词(表示数目或顺序)-num.(numeral):nine,fifty,third,twentieth8.介词(用在名词、代词等前面,说明与别的词之间关系)-prep.(preposition)in,on,from,through,for9.连词(连接词与词或句与句)-conj.(conjunction)and,or,if,when,although10.感叹词(表示说话时的感情或口气)-int.(interjection)ah,well,wow,why不定式前的to为小品词(particles)。yes和no有人称为肯定词和否定词,有的词典称之为副词。练习(Exercise)TellthepartofSpeechofthefollowingwords(用简写符号标出下面各词词类):例:school(n.)1.difficulty()2.have()3.quietly()4.who()5.big()6.forty()7.take()8.careful()9.into()10.carelessness()答案:1.n2.v3.adv4.pron5.adj6.num7.v8.adj9.prep10.n2.一个词可以分为不同的词类有些词仅属于一个词类,如quickly为副词,come为动词,beautiful为形容词。但绝大多数词都可以属于两种或多种词类,例如:Let’sgo.咱们走吧。(go用作动词)I’dliketohaveagoatit.我想试一试。(go用作名词)Ihaven’tseenhimsince1998.我1998年以后就没见到他了。(since作介词)Wemetin1980.Ihaveneverheardfromhimsince1980.我们1980年见面以后,我再也没有接到他的音信了。(since作副词)因此在学一个词时,先要知道它属于哪个词类,然后再弄清它是否还可用作其他词类。英语中的一个词,常可用作另一词类,如:It’sabookshop.这是一家书店。wheredoyoushopforclothes?你在哪里买衣裳?It’sagoodbuy.这是一样便宜货。wheredidyoubuyit?你是在哪里买的?It’sasmallpark.这是一座小公园。LetmeseeifIhaveanysmalls.我看看有没有小号的。这种现象叫作词类的转换(conversion)。练习(Exercise)Lookupthewordsinadictionaryandseewhatpartofspeechtheycanbeusedin.(在字典中查下面的词,看能用作什么词类):1.warm.2.silence.3.until.4.in5.up6.before7.part8.more3.词类的转换一个词类常可能转换为另一词类:1.某些动词可以转换为名词:Trytheshirton.穿上这件衬衫试试(v.)Letmehaveatry.我来试一试。(n.)Lookatme.瞧着我。(v.)Letmehavealook.我来瞧瞧。(n.)2.某些名词也可转换为动词:Openyourbooks.打开你的书。(n.)Haveyoubookedyourticket?你订票了吗?(v.)Haveaseat.请坐。(n.)Thehallseats500(people).大厅可以坐500人。(v.)3.某些形容词可以转换为动词:Youaretooslow.你太慢了。(adj.)Thetrainhassloweddown.火车慢下来了。(v.)It’swarminspring.春天天气暖和。(adj.)Theywarmedtheirhandsoverthefire.他们在炉火上烤手。(v.)4.也有些形容词可转换为名词:Heismydearfriend.他是我亲密的朋友。(adj.)She’sadear.她是一个招人喜欢的人。(n.)Priceshereareverylow.这里的物价很低。(adj.)Profitshavereachedanewlow.利润降到了最低点。(n.)5.有些词用作其他词类时重音会发生变化:Everybodypresent[prezənt]welcomethedecision.所有在场的人都欢迎这个决定。TheNationalTheatreispresenting[pri'zentiŋ]anewproductionofHamlet.国家剧场正在上演新的哈姆雷特。练习(Exercise)•Tellthepartofspeechoftheboldfacedwords.(说明粗体词的词类)1.Canyouswim?你能游泳吗?()Westoppedthereforaswim.我们在那里停下来游了一会儿泳。()2.Whatdidhesay?他说什么了?()Wehavenosayinthismatter.这事我们没有发言权。()3.Putitinyourpocket.把它放在你口袋里。()Hepocketedthemoney.他把钱放进了自己的腰包。()答案:1.v,n2.v,n3.n,v4.派生(Derivation)许多词通过加词头(或称前缀,prefixes)或词尾(或称后缀suffixes)来构成另一词类,称为派生。通过加词头或词尾构成的词称为派生词(derivatives)。英语的词尾主要有下面这些:1.构成名词的词尾(括号中词为例词):-er(singer)-or(sailor)-ist(artist)-ee(employee)-es(hostess)-ian(musician)-ese(Japanese)-ant(contestant)-ism(heroism)-ess(happiness)-(a)tion(examination)ment(movement)-on(decision)-ing(wedding)-ship(friendship)-hood(childhood)-age(shortage)-ure(failure)-dom(freedom)-ty(cruelty)-ity(reality)-y(discovery)-th(warmth)-al(arrival)-ance(reliance)-nce(difference)-ful(mouthful)-y(slavery)-eer(engineer)2.构成形容词的词尾:-ful(useful)-less(homeless)-ish(childish)-ive(active)-ous(famous)-able(eatable)-ible(responsible)ic(poetic)-ant(pleasant)-ly(lively)-al(cultural)-y(rainy)-ent(dependent)-ary(imaginary)-some(tiresome)-like(childlike)-en(wooden)-ate(fortunate)-an(Indian)-ed(talented)3.其他词尾:-ize(modernize)-en(widen)-ify(simplify)ate(originate)-ly(slowly)-ward(backward)-wise(likewise)-teen(fourteen)-ty(forty)-th(ninth)•英语的词头有两类:1.构成反义词的词头:un-(unhappy)dis-(disagree)in-(informal)im-(impolite)ir-(irregular)il-(illegal)non-(non-conductor)de-(defrost)2.有特定的意思的词头,如:re-(retell)mis-(misspell)co-(co-exist)anti-(anti-tank)pro-(pro-French)counter-(counteract)over-(overdo)under-(under-paid)ex-(ex-wife)pre(predict)post-(post-war)fore-(foresee)self-(self-made)inter-(interact)tele-(telephone)super-(superman)micro-(microwave)semi-(semi-circle)mini-(minibus)vice-(vice-chairman)练习(Exercise)Underlinethesuffixesandtellthepartsofspeechthewordsbelongto.(在词尾下划线,并说明这些词属于哪个词类):1.fearless()2.marriage()3.activity()4.jewelry()5.normalize()6.golden()7.safety()8.homeward()9.European()答案:1.–less(adj)2.–age(n)3.–ity(n)4.–ry(n)5.-ize(v)6.-en(adj)7.-ty(n)8.-ward(adv)9.-an(adj)5.合成词(CompoundWords)英语中有很多词是由两个或是很多词构成的,这种词叫合成词。英语中合成词极多,主要有下面几类:1.合成名词:名词+名词:silkworm(蚕)名词+动名词:sunbathing(日光浴)形容词+名词:shorthand(速记)动词+副词:get-together(联欢会)动名词+名词:waiting-room(候车室)动词+名词:pick-pocket(扒手)副词+动词:down-fall(垮台)还有一些其他类型的合成名词,如:well-being(福利),go-between(中间人)by-product(副产品editor-in-chief(主编)good-for-nothing(不中用的人)touch-me-not(凤仙花)merry-go-round(旋转木马)2.合成形容词:形容词+现在分词:fine-sounding(动听的)副词+现在分词:hard-working(勤劳的)名词+现在分词:peace-loving(爱好和平的)名词+过去分词:state-owned(国有的)副词+过去分词:well-known(著名的)形容词+名词:large-scale(大规模的)名词+形容词:duty-free(免税的)形容词+名词+ed:good-natured(天性善良的)还有一些其他合成形容词:如:over-all(总体的),all-round(全面的),ever-victorious(常胜的),first-rate(一流的),face-to-face(面对面的),down-to-earth(现实的)3.合成动词:名词+动词:sleepwalk(梦游)形容词+动词:whitewash(粉刷)副词+动词:overthrow(推翻的)4.合成副词:介词+副词:forever(永远)副词+名词:overhea