Post-WWII-American-Foreign---Policy[1]

Post-WWIIAmericanForeignPolicyAmericanforeignpolicysinceWorldWarIIcanbedividedintotwophases:thefirstbetween1945and1991andthesecondafter1991.Inthefirstphase,itsbasicgoalofthepolicyistocontainSovietexpansionandtofinallybringaboutchangeinSovietpoliticalsystem.Inthesecondphase,thebasicgoalistomaintainAmericandominationintheworldaslongaspossibleandtoremaketheworldinAmericanimage.TheBeginningoftheColdWarAmericanhistorianArthurSchlesingerJr.writesinthe“CyclesofAmericanHistory”thatAmericanforeignpolicyhasbeenswingingbetweenisolationismandinternationalism(interventionism).ThiscanbeusedtodescribeAmericanforeignpolicyuptotheWWII.BytheendofWWII,theUSbecamethestrongestcountryintheworld.Asthesolepossessorofatomicbombs,withover70%ofthegoldreserveoftheworldinitscoffersandover50%ofindustrialproductionoftheworldinitshand,theplannersoftheUSwerevisualizingaPaxAmericana（美国和平）.ButtheSovietUnionsufferedgreatlossesinthewar.Atsuchcost,itwantedtokeepwhatithadgotinthewar,asphereofinfluence（势力范围）agreedonbytheUnitedStatesandBritainatYalta.TheSovietUnionwouldnotallowanycountrytoprojectitsinfluenceintotheareaunderitscontrol.Bothsidesbegantorallycountriesaroundthem.ThefoundingoftheNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO)in1949andtheWarsawPactin1955splittheworldintotwomilitaryblocswithalargenumberofnon-alignedcountriesinbetween.Armsracebegan.TheArmsrace1949,theSovietUniondetonateditsfirstatomicdevice.1952,theUShaditsfirsttestofthehydrogenbomb,andSUfollowedin1953.1957,theSUlaunchedtwosputniksintotheorbitshowingtheyhadthevehicletocarrythebombstotheUS.Bythe1980s,thetwocountrieshadmorethan50000nuclearweaponsthatcouldkillthepeopleintheworldmanytimes.Duringthe1950s,bothsteppedupitsraceinnucleararmamentsandachievedparityinnuclearforce—mutualassureddeterrence.From1982,RonaldReaganinitiatedtheStarWarsproject,whichintendedtodragtheSUintobankruptcy.TheContainmentpolicy(遏制政策)TheUSputintoeffectthecontainmentpolicyinthelate1940s.1948,TrumanDoctrine:theUSwouldusewhatevermeans,includingmilitaryforce,topreventtheSUfrombreakingoutofitssphereofinfluence.1950-51,theKoreanWar.1954-1973,theVietnamWar.TheUSlost50000menineachofthetwowars.Strategyofcontraction(收缩政策)TheNixonDoctrinemadeclearthattheUSnolongerplannedtofightagroundwarinAsiabutwouldprovidenuclearprotectiontoitsalliesintheregionandgivemilitaryandeconomicsupporttocountriesfightingagainstdomesticcommunism.1972,NixonmadeatriptoChinatoimproverelationswithChinaandtousetheChinacardtodealwiththeSU.1972,TheUSnegotiatedStrategicArmsLimitationTalks(SALT1)agreements（战略武器限制会谈）withtheSU.BerlinWall—SymboloftheColdWar1958-1961,theconfrontationsbetweenNATOledbytheUSandtheWarsawPactledbytheSUtookplaceinBerlin.Inafamedaddress,UnitedStatesPresidentRonaldReaganchallengesMikhailGorbachevtoteardowntheBerlinWall,12June1987.CubanMissileCrisis(1962)1959,CubanrevolutionariesledbyFidelCastro(卡斯特罗)hadsucceededinoverthrowingtheBatista(巴蒂斯塔)regimeandcametopower.TheEisenhowerAdministrationapprovedaCIAplantotrainCubanémigréandusethemtofightagainsttheCubanrevolutionaryforces.WhenKennedycameintooffice,thelandingoftheCIA-trainedémigréssufferedahumiliatingdefeatallofthemwereeitherkilledorcaptured.ThisbecameknownastheBayofPigsfiasco(猪湾惨败).TheSU,takingadvantageofthesituationtoexpanditsinfluenceintheregion,introducedmediumrangeandintermediaterangemissilesintoCuban.TheUSwasnotawareofthisuntiltheU-2spyplanediscoveredthenearly-completedlaunchingpads.PresidentKennedydecidedtoplaceablockadearoundCubatopreventfurthershipmentofweaponsanddemandthetotalremovalofmissilesinplaceinCuba.ThecontainmentpolicyinChinaTheWhitePaperonChinaissuedbytheStateDepartmentin1949showedAmericanhostilitytowardsthenewrepublic.FightinginKoreainstitutionalizedhostilitybetweenthetwocountriesandextendedtheColdWartoAsia.ThefrozenrelationshipdidnotthawuntilPresidentNixonvisitedChinain1972.TheUSandChinanormalizeddiplomaticrelationsin1979.ThestrategicbasisforthetwocountriestocometogetherwasthestruggleagainstSovietexpansionism.Thisbasislasteduntil1980sandearly1990s.EngagementandExpansion(交战与扩张)Inthelate1980sandearly1990stheworldwitnessedthemostremarkablechangessincetheWWII.ThefalloftheBerlinWallin1989,thechangeofthecoloroftheEasternEuropeancountriesandthedisintegrationoftheSUattheendof1991radicallychangedthebalanceofpowerintheworld.Theremovalofitschiefrivalontheinternationalarena,thetriumphintheDesertStormin1991madetheUStheonlysuperpoweroftheworld.AmericanstrategicplannersagainbroughtuptheideaofaPaxAmericana.TheClintonAdministrationmadenationalsecurity,economicprosperityandpromotionofdemocracythethreepillarsoftheAmericanforeignpolicy.Itsnationalstrategywasengagementandexpansion,whichmeanstheUSwilltakeamoreactivepartinworldaffairsandwillmoreactivelypromotemarketeconomyandAmericanstyledemocracyintheworld.The44-dayheavybombingoftheformerYugoslaviain1999wasatestcaseofthenewstrategy.1999年5月8日使馆被炸，南斯拉夫，中国Unilateralism(单边主义)andFaithinMilitaryStrengthWhenGeorgeW.BushbecamePresidentin2001,heandhistopadviserspursuedanewstrategy:UnilateralismandFaithinMilitarySt