女性主义英文介绍

Feminism___Rita2020/11/11Questionsforyou!Howwouldyoudefineitasanideology意识形态?Whatcomestomindwhenyouthinkoftheword“feminism”?2020/11/11contents1DefinationandTheory3TypesofFeminisms2TheFeministMovement2020/11/11WhatisFeminism?2020/11/112020/11/11FeminismFeminismisacollectionofmovementsaimedatdefining,establishing,anddefendingequalpolitical,economic,andsocialrightsforwomen.Inaddition,feminismseekstoestablishequalopportunitiesforwomenineducationandemployment.2020/11/11Anideology意思形态that“opposesthepolitical,economic,andculturalrelegation贬低ofwomentopositionsofinferiority自卑.”Simplyput,feminismaffirmswomen’sequalitywithmen,andrejectspatriarchy父权制.2020/11/11FeministsFeministsarepersonsofeithersex,orfemalesonly(inwhichcasemalesmaybepro-feminists),whobelieveinfeminism.Afeministisanadvocateorsupporteroftherightsandequalityofwomen.MenfeministHenrikJohanIbsen亨利克·约翰·易卜生胡适KarlMarx卡尔·亨利希·马克思2020/11/11HistoryThetermsfeminismorfeministfirstappearedinFranceandTheNetherlandsin1872(aslesféministes),GreatBritaininthe1890s,andtheUnitedStatesin1910.TheOxfordEnglishDictionarylists1894forthefirstappearanceoffeministand1895forfeminism.TheUKDailyNewsfirstintroducedfeministtotheEnglishlanguage,importingitfromFranceandbrandingitasdangerous.WhatourParisCorrespondentdescribesasa'Feminist'group...intheFrenchChamberofDeputies.Priortothattime,Woman'sRightswasprobablythetermusedmostcommonly,henceQueenVictoria'sdescriptionofthismad,wickedfollyof'Woman'sRights'.2020/11/11FeministtheoryFeministtheoryemergedfromthesefeministmovementsandincludesgeneraltheoriesandtheoriesabouttheoriginsofinequality,and,insomecases,aboutthesocialconstructionofsexandgender,inavarietyofdisciplines.Feministactivistshavecampaignedforwomen'srights—suchasincontract,property,andvoting—whilealsopromotingwomen'srightstobodilyintegrityandautonomy自治权andreproductiverights生育权.Theyhaveopposeddomesticviolence,sexualharassment性骚扰,andsexualassault性侵犯.Ineconomics,theyhaveadvocatedforworkplacerights,includingequalpayandopportunitiesforcareersandtostartbusinesses.2020/11/112020/11/11TheFeministMovement(alsoknownastheWomen'sMovement,Women'sLiberation,orWomen'sLib)referstoaseriesofcampaignsforreformsonissuessuchasreproductiverights,domesticviolence,maternityleave,equalpay,votingrights,sexualharassment,andsexualviolence.Thegoalsofthemovementvaryfromcountrytocountry,e.g.oppositiontofemalegenitalcutting女性生殖器切割inSudan,ortotheglassceiling玻璃天花板inWesterncountries.2020/11/11Themovement'shistoryhasgonethroughthreewaves,beginninginthe18thcentury.First-wavewasorientedaroundthestationofmiddleorupper-classwhitewomen,andinvolvedsuffrageandpoliticalequality.Second-wavefeminismattemptedtofurthercombatsocialandculturalinequalities.Third-wavefeminismstartingin1980toearlyincludesrenewedcampaigningforwomen’sgreaterinfluenceinpolitics.TheFirstWaveFeminismThefirstwavereferstothemovementofthe19ththroughearly20thcenturies(1900s–1920s),whichdealtmainlywithsuffrage（投票权选举权）,workingconditionsandeducationalrightsforwomenandgirls.Leader：ElizabethCadyStanton（伊丽莎白·凯迪·斯坦顿）Purpose：equalpolitical,intellectualandeconomicrightstowomenAchievement：InternationalWomen'sDayhasbeenobserved(创始于1910年）2020/11/112020/11/11WriterssuchasVirginiaWoolfareassociatedwiththeideasoftheFirstWaveoffeminism.InherbookARoomofOne'sOwn,Woolfdescribeshowmensociallyandpsychicallydominatewomen.Theargumentofthebookisthatwomenaresimultaneouslyvictimsofthemselvesaswellasvictimsofmenandareupholdersofsocietybyactingasmirrorstomen.Sherecognizesthesocialconstructsthatrestrictwomeninsocietyandusesliteraturetocontextualizeitforotherwomen.TheinfluencesofthefirstwaveFeminismThesecondWaveFeminism(alsocalledModernFeminism)Thesecondwave(1960s-1980s)dealtwiththeinequalityoflawsaswellasculturalinequalities.Thekeyeventthatmarkedthereemergence（再度出现）ofthismovementinthepostwar战后的erawasthesurprisepopularityofBettyFriedan's1963bookTheFeminineMystiqueThekeyevent:《TheFeminineMystique》Womenshouldspeakoutherfeelings:Inadditiontoherhusband,childrenandfamilies,Iwouldliketogetmore.“女性应该大胆地说出自己的心声:除了丈夫、孩子和家庭，我还想得到更多。”SocialImpact“Itignited（点燃）thecontemporary（同时代的）women'smovementin1963andasaresultpermanentlytransformedthesocialfabric组织oftheUnitedStatesandcountriesaroundtheworld.”----NewYorkTimesTheinfluencesofthesecondwomen’smovementThemovementencouragedwomentounderstandaspectsoftheirpersonallivesasdeeplypoliticized,andreflectiveofasexist性别歧视者structureofpower.Iffirst-waversfocusedonabsoluterightssuchassuffrage,second-waverswerelargelyconcernedwithotherissuesofequality,suchastheendtodiscrimination.Theinfluencesofthesecondwomen’smovementReligion·Education·Language·SocialchangesForexample:Feministsareoftenproponents支持者ofusingnon-sexistlanguage,using“Ms.”torefertobothMarriedandunmarriedwomen.TheThirdWaveFeminism(PostModernFeminism)Thethirdwaveoffeminism(late1980s-early2000s),isseenasbothacontinuation继续andaresponsetotheperceived感知的failuresofthesecondwave.Nowadays：Somenowbelieveasof2010,weareinafourthwaveoffeminism.TheinfluencesofThirdwaveofFeminismThemovementarose