The-Trial

LessonTenTheTrialThatRockedtheWorld邓春玲Questions1.Whattypeofwritingisthis?Narration2.Whatdoweanticipate,predictwhenseeingthetitle?Injustice,persecution,violationofhumanrights,ignoranceprevailingintelligence,etc.3.Inwhatorderisthestorytold?Flashback4.Describethebenignaccidentwhichtouchedoffthebigconflictbetweenthepro-andanti-evolutionists.5.Describethecounselfortheprosecutionandthecounselforthedefendant.Counselfortheprosecution:WilliamJenningsBryan,silver-tonguedorator,threetimesDemocraticnomineeforPresident,leaderofthefundamentalistmovement,agingandpaunchy,TomStewartBryan,Tennessee'sbrilliantyoungattorney-generalCounselforthedefendant:ClarenceDarrow,68,famouscriminallawyer,shrewd,agnosticDudleyFieldMalone,43,handsomeandmagnetic,CatholicArthurGarfieldhays,quiet,scholarlyandsteepedinthelaw,Jew.6.Howmanydaysdidthetriallast?ThreedaysJohnScopes,ahighschoolscienceteacherinDayton,Tennesseewho,byteachingevolution,wasaccusedofbreakingthelaw.Hewasthedefendantinthecase.Asthelastsurvivingprincipalinthistrial,hedecidedtowriteastorydescribingthehighlightsofthetrial.ThenameofJohnScopesbecamesynonymouswiththistrial,whichispopularlyknownasthe“monkeytrial”.Afilm,called“InherittheWind”,wasmadeofthetrial,withmuchofthedialoguecomingdirectlyfromthetranscriptsofthecourtproceedings.Thisstoryalsodrawsontheactualtranscripts.JohnScopesdiedin1979.JohnScopesHenryLouisMencken(1880–1956)H.L.MenckenwasanAmericanjournalist,editor,critic,andphilologist.Inthe20’s,Mencken,withacaustic(bitter,unpleasant,nasty)pen,derided(madefunofasofnovalue)thesmugnessofAmericanmiddle-classbusinessman,thenarrownessofAmericanculturallife,andtheharshnessofAmericanPuritanism.…Hisoutstandingpieceofjournalism,widelysyndicated,concernedtheScopestrialof1925Tennessee,inwhichahighschoolscienceinstructorwasprosecutedforteachingevolution,contrarytoastatelaw.WilliamJenningsBryan(1860–1925)W.J.BryanwasborninSalem,Illinois.Inhismiddle-classfamily,greatemphasiswasplacedonreligionandmorality,notonlyinone’spersonallife,butinpublicsandintheconductofnationalaffairs.AftergraduatingfromIllinoisCollegeofLawinChicago,heopenedalawofficeinJacksonville.In1887,BryanmovedtoLincoln,Nebraska,practicinglawandsimultaneouslyturningtowardpolitics.HewonaseatinCongressin1890andwasreelectedin1892.HewastheDemocraticParty’spresidentialnomineethreetimes(1896,1900,1908).In1912hehelpedtosecurethenominationofWoodrowWilsonforthepresidency,andWilsonnamedhimsecretaryofstatein1913.InWorldWarIheadvocatedapolicyofneutrality,hopingthattheU.S.mightplaytheroleofarbitratorbetweentheopposingsides.Wilson,however,didnotfollowhisadviceandheresignedinJune1915.Duringhistimeheadvancedprogressivecausessuchaswomen’ssuffrageandspokeonbehalfofthecommonpeople,particularlythefarmers,introducingmeasureswhichwouldgivethemmoreofavoiceingovernment.Butallthatheadvocatedhadafundamentalistbasis,i.e.,hewasmotivatedbyastrongreligiousbeliefanddidthingsinthenameofreligion.Hisold-fashionedfundamentalismmadehimpopularamongsomeofthecommonpeople.InWorldWarIheadvocatedapolicyofneutrality,hopingthattheU.S.mightplaytheroleofarbitratorbetweentheopposingsides.Wilson,however,didnotfollowhisadviceandheresignedinJune1915.Duringhistimeheadvancedprogressivecausessuchaswomen’ssuffrageandspokeonbehalfofthecommonpeople,particularlythefarmers,introducingmeasureswhichwouldgivethemmoreofavoiceingovernment.Butallthatheadvocatedhadafundamentalistbasis,i.e.,hewasmotivatedbyastrongreligiousbeliefanddidthingsinthenameofreligion.Hisold-fashionedfundamentalismmadehimpopularamongsomeofthecommonpeople.Duringthelasttenyearsofhislife,hebecamemoreandmorefanatical.HerefusedtocondemntheKuKluxKlanbecausetheyconductedtheiraffairsinthenameofChristianity.In1925heappearedfortheprosecutionintheScopestrialinTennesseeopposingtheteachingoftheoriesofevolutioninpublicschools.The“naivete”andnarrownessofhisthinkingemergedclearlyinthistrial,whichwasBryan’slastappearanceinpublicbeforehisdeathin1925.ClarenceSewardDarrow(1857–1938)C.S.DarrowwasborninFarmdale,Ohio.In1894,Darrowbeganwhatwouldbehisprimarycareerforthenext20years----laborlaw.Duringtheseyears,hehaddefendedEugeneV.Debs,“BigBill”Haywoodandotherlaborleaders.Butin1911disasterstruckasDarrow,defendingtheMcnamarabrothersagainstachargeofblowinguptheLosAngelesTimesBuilding,wassuddenlyfacedwithhisclients’reversingtheirpreviouspleaofinnocencetooneofguilt.Inturn,Darrowwasindictedformisconductbutwasnotconvicted.Withthishiscareerasalaborlawyercametoanend.Thenheembarkedonanewmajorcareerasacriminallawyer.Heviewedcriminalsaspeopleledbycircumstanceintocommittingantisocialactsratherthanasfree-willingmonsters.Forthisreasonhewasabitteropponentofcapitalpunishment,viewingitasabarbaricpractice.Darrow’smostfamouscriminaltrialwasthe1924Leopold-Leobcase,inwhichtwoChicagoboyshadwantonlymurderedayoungster.FortheonlytimeinhiscareerDarrowinsistedthathisclientsclaimguilty,thenturnedhisattentiontosavingthemfromthedeathpenalty.Hewassuccessfulinthis,partlybecausehewasabletointroduceagreatdealofpsychiatrictestimonysupportinghistheoriesoftheinfluencesupon