semantics(史上最全)

Semantics1PartIWhatissemantics?TeachingObjectiveCriticalThinkingPresentandSolveProblemsUnderstandMacroscopicallyStudyofmeaningfromdifferentperspectivesUnderstandMicroscopically2Semanticsisgenerallyconsideredtobethestudyofmeaninginlanguage.WhatisSemantics?SEMANTICSisatechnicaltermusedtorefertothestudyofthecommunicationofmeaningthroughlanguage.Morespecifically,semanticsisthestudyofthemeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.MeaningrelationsTheoriesofmeaningWhatismeaning?5Contents1.Whatismeaning?2.Theoriesofmeaning2.1Thenamingtheory2.2Theconceptualistview2.3Contextualism2.4Behaviorism3.Meaningrelations3.1Senserelationsofwords3.2semanticrelationsofsentences3.3SemanticanalysisWhatarethey?Whatdotheymean?redcrossIloveChinaWhatarethey?Whatdotheymean?StonehengeTheGreatWallinscriptionsonoraclebonescuneiform=cuneus（楔子）和forma（形状）theDragonBoatFestivalChristmasDayWhatismeaning?MissomethinginthedeepstructureColorlessgreenideassleepfuriously.Chomsky:Asentence,whilegrammatical,canbemeaningless.Agoodsentencehastobewell-formednotonlyinnature,butinmeaningandlogicaswell.15Onedifficultyinthestudyofmeaning:---Theword‘meaning’itselfhasdifferentmeanings.Misuncertain…context-dependent.领导：“你这是什么意思？”小明：“没什么意思。意思意思。”领导：“你这就不够意思了。”小明：“小意思，小意思。”领导：“你这人真有意思。”小明：“其实也没有别的意思。”领导：“那我就不好意思了。”小明：“是我不好意思。”问：以上“意思”分别是什么意思?17Lookatthefollowingsentences1.Smokemeansfire.2.Redlightmeansstopping.3.Ahandshakeandahugmeanthesamething.4.Whatdidshemeanbythatwink?5.Whatdoesdemocracymean?6.Whatdoes‘PublishorPerish’mean?7.---Areyouhungry?---Doyoumeantotreatmetodinnernow?8.Shemeanswellalthoughherremarksaretooharshtoaccept.MeaningLinguisticNon-linguisticConventional(5,6)Intentional(7,8)NaturalConventionalIntentional(5-8)(1-4)(4)(1)(2,3)Whenlinguistsanalysemeaningsinlanguage,theylookatmeaningsofdifferentranksoflanguageandfocusonword(lexical)orsentencemeaning.Thetypesofmeaningwhicharestudiedinlinguisticscoursesaresuchasthosein(5)-(8).Meaningsof‘’MeaningLinguisticNon-linguisticConventional(5,6)Intentional(7,8)NaturalConventionalIntentional(5-8)(1-4)(4)(1)(2,3)1.冬天：能穿多少穿多少；夏天：能穿多少穿多少。2.剩女产生的原因：一是谁都看不上，二是谁都看不上。3.单身人的来由：原来是喜欢一个人，现在是喜欢一个人。4.女致电男友：我到西直门了，你快往地铁站走。如果你到了，我还没到，你就等着吧。如果我到了，你还没到，你就等着吧！.22MeaningLinguisticNon-linguisticConventional(5,6)Intentional(7,8)NaturalConventionalIntentional(5-8)(1-4)(4)(1)(2,3)24Whatismeaning?Misexpressive.Whatismeaning?MisconventionalAgreenlightmeans...25“Rainingcatsanddogs”means...26Whatismeaning?Pavlov(巴甫洛夫)MeaningisStimulus-response27Misflexibleandimitational也是醉了也是蛮拼的奔跑吧…且行且珍惜28Then,whatistherelationshipbetween“languageform”andits“meaning”?词（辞）不达意、言不尽意废话连篇、不善言辞不可言传、不传之妙说大话、空话、假话、谎话口误29枯藤，老树，昏鸦，小桥，流水，人家……大漠孤烟直，长河落日园君不见，黄河之水天上来，奔流到海不复回……会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼意义的意义意义研究的困难之一是“意义”一词本身有不同的意义。奥格登（C.K.Ogden）和理查兹（I.A.Richards）在1923年出版的《意义的意义》一书中罗列了“著名意义研究者提出的有代表性的主要定义”（p.186），分为16大类，加上次类则共22种。What’sthemeaningof“man”?Man≥human+adult+male(bravery,resilience,strength,lackofsentiment)Wecanseethatwordsacquireconsiderablemeaningsfromthesituational,social,culturalcontextsinwhichtheyareused.GeofferyLeechrecognizes7typesofmeaninginhisSemantics:TheStudyofmeaning(1974,1981).Meaningsof“MEANING”1.ConcepturalmeaningAssociativemeaning2.Connotativemeaning3.Socialmeaning4.Affectivemeaning5.Reflectedmeaning6.Collocativemeaning7.ThematicmeaningLogical,cognitive,ordenotativecontentWhatiscommunicatebyvirtueofwhatlanguagereferstoWhatiscommunicatedofthesocialcircumstancesoflanguageuseWhatiscommunicatedofthefeelingsandattitudesofthespeaker/writerWhatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithanothersenseofthesameexpression.Whatiscommunicatedthroughassociationwithwordswhichtendtooccurintheenvironmentofanotherwords.Whatiscommunicatedbythewayinwhichthemessageisorganizedintermsoforderandemphasis.Meaningsof“MEANING”Denotation（外延）/Reference—concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes/referstoConnotation（内涵）—philosophicalterm;Leechreferstosomeadditional,esp.emotive,meaninge.g.humanpoliticianvs.statesmanderogatorycommendatory(1)ConceptualmeaningAlsocalled‘denotative’（外延）or‘cognitive’meaning.Referstological,cognitiveordenotativecontent.Concernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitdenotes,orrefersto.e.g.chair:apieceoffurnitureforonepersontositon,havingabackand,usually,fourlegs.man:[+Human],[+Male],[+Adult],36SemanticfeatureanalysisMan:[+HUMSN+ADULT+MALE]Women:[+HUMAN+ADULT+FEMALE]Girl:[+HUMAN-ADULT+FEMALE]Boy:[+HUMAN–ADULT+MALE]Bull:[-HUMAN+ADULT+MALE](2)Connotativemeaning(内涵意义)Thecommunicativevalueanexpressionhasbyvirtueofwhatitrefersto,overandaboveitspurelyconceptualcontent.Amultitudeofadditional,non-criterialproperties,includingnotonlyphysicalcharacteristicsbutalsopsychologicalandsocialproperties,aswellastypicalfeatures.38Involvingthe‘realworld’experienceoneassociateswithanexpressionwhenoneusesorhearsit.Unstable:theyvaryconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.Anycharacteristicofthereferent,identifiedsubjectivelyorobjectively,maycontr