1HowwelistentomusicAaronCopland1.Wealllistentomusicaccordingtoourseparatecapacities.But,forthesakeofanalysis,thewholelisteningprocessmaybecomeclearerifwebreakitupintoitscomponentparts,sotospeak.Inacertainsensewealllistentomusiconthreeseparateplanes.Forlackofabetterterminology,onemightnamethese:(1)thesensuousplane,(2)theexpressiveplane,(3)thesheerlymusicalplane.Theonlyadvantagetobegainedfrommechanicallysplittingupthelisteningprocessintothesehypotheticalplanesistheclearerviewtobehadofthewayinwhichwelisten.我们都根据各自的能力来听音乐。但是,为了便于分析,如果我们将听的整个过程分成几个组成部分的话,那就会更加清楚了。在某种程度上,我们听音乐分成三个不同的层面,因找不到更好地术语,我姑且把他们命名为:(1)感官层面(2)表义层面(3)纯音乐层面。我把听音乐的过程机械地分成以上假设的三个层面,纯粹是为了更清楚地了解我们是怎样听音乐的。2.Thesimplestwayoflisteningtomusicistolistenforthesheerpleasureofthemusicalsounditself.Thatisthesensuousplane.Itistheplaneonwhichwehearmusicwithoutthinking,withoutconsideringitinanyway.Oneturnsontheradiowhiledoingsomethingelseandabsent-mindedlybathesinthesound.Akindofbrainlessbutattractivestateofmindisengenderedbythemeresoundappealofthemusic.最简单的听音乐的方式就是听乐声给我们带来的纯粹的愉悦,这是感官层面。在这个层面上,我们只听音乐而不用思考。打开收音机,一边忙别的事情,一边心不在焉地沐浴在音乐声中。这种心不在焉但美妙的身心状态是由乐声的魅力引起的。3.Youmaybesittinginaroomreadingthisbook.Imagineonenotestruckonthepiano.Immediatelythatonenoteisenoughtochangetheatmosphereoftheroom——provingthatthesoundelementinmusicisapowerfulandmysteriousagent,whichitwouldbefoolishtoderideorbelittle.你可能正在房间里读这本书。想象着一个音符敲击在钢琴上。瞬间整个房间的氛围都随之改变——这表明了声音在音乐中是强大而神秘的元素,谁嘲笑或轻视这一点,谁就显得愚蠢。4.Thesurprisingthingisthatmanypeoplewhoconsiderthemselvesqualifiedmusicloversabusethatplaneinlistening.Theygotoconcertsinordertolosethemselves.Theyusemusicasaconsolationoranescape.Theyenteranidealworldwhereonedoesn'thavetothinkoftherealitiesofeverydaylife.Ofcoursetheyaren'tthinkingaboutthemusiceither.Musicallowsthemtoleaveit,andtheygoofftoaplanetodream,dreamingbecauseofandaproposofthemusicyetneverquitelisteningtoit.令人奇怪的是,很多自认为合格的音乐爱好者在听音乐时滥用了这一层面。他们去音乐厅是为了忘却自我。他们把音乐作为一种安慰或解脱。2他们进入了一个理想的境界,在这个境界里他们不必考虑现实生活。当然,他们同样也没有考虑音乐。音乐允许他们逃离现实,到另一个地方去做梦,因为音乐而做梦,做有关音乐的梦,却从没真正欣赏过音乐。5.Yes,thesoundappealofmusicisapotentandprimitiveforce,butyoumustnotallowittousurpadisproportionateshareofyourinterest.Thesensuousplaneisanimportantoneinmusic,averyimportantone,butitdoesnotconstitutethewholestory.的确,音乐的声音魅力是一种强大而原始的力量,但是千万不要让它不合比例地侵占你的兴趣。感观层面是音乐中重要的一层——非常重要——但并不是音乐的全部。6.Thereisnoneedtodigressfurtheronthesensuousplane.Itsappealtoeverynormalhumanbeingisselfevident.Thereis,however,suchathingasbecomingmoresensitivetothedifferentkindsofsoundstuff①asusedbyvariouscomposers.Forallcomposersdonotusethatsoundstuffinthesameway.Don'tgettheideathatthevalueofmusiciscommensuratewithitssensuousappealorthattheloveliestsoundingmusicismadebythegreatestcomposer.Ifthatwereso,RavelwouldbeagreatercreatorthanBeethoven.Thepointisthatthesoundelementvarieswitheachcomposer,thathisusageofsoundformsanintegralpartofhisstyleandmustbetakenintoaccountwhenlistening.Thereadercansee,therefore,thatamoreconsciousapproachisvaluableevenonthisprimaryplaneofmusiclistening.没必要在感官层次上再扯远了。声音的魅力对每一个正常人来说都是不言而喻的。然而,不同的发音材料①被不同的作曲家所使用时就变得更加有感染力,所有的作曲者不可能按同一种方式组织材料。不要以为音乐的价值就与他的感官感染力相称,不要以为最美丽动听的音乐是由伟大的作曲家创造的。如果你认为以上观点可能的话,那么拉维尔是比贝多芬还要伟大的创作者。重点是,声音要素因作曲者不同而不同,他对声音形式的使用方式组成他风格的不可分割的一部分。在听音乐时,所有这些都必须考虑在内。因此,读者可以看到,即使在听音乐的这个最基础的层面上,也值得采取更有意识地聆听方式。7.ThesecondplaneonwhichmusicexistsiswhatIhavecalledtheexpressiveone.Here,immediately,wetreadoncontroversialground.Composershaveawayofshyingawayfromanydiscussionofmusic'sexpressiveside.DidnotStravinskyhimselfproclaimthathismusicwasanobject,athing,withalifeofitsown,andwithnoothermeaningthanitsownpurelymusicalexistence?ThisintransigentattitudeofStravinsky'smaybeduetothefactthatsomanypeoplehavetriedtoreaddifferentmeaningsintosomanypieces.Heavenknowsitisdifficultenoughtosaypreciselywhatitisthatapieceofmusicmeans,tosayitdefinitely,tosayitfinallysothateveryoneissatisfiedwithyourexplanation.Butthatshouldnotleadonetotheotherextremeofdenyingtomusictherighttobeexpressive.3音乐存在的第二层面就是我所谓的表义层面。谈到这里,我们立即会碰到引起争议的问题。作曲家们总是设法避开任何有关音乐表义层面的讨论。Stravinsky他自己不也声称他的音乐是一个“物体”,意见本身具有生命的“东西”,除了作为音乐本身存在再没有其他意义了吗?Stravinsky的这种不妥协的态度大约源于这样一种现实吧:有如此多的人试图对如此多的作品加以不同的解读。天知道要想用自己的解释精确地、明确地、最终地说清一个作品的意义并让所有人满意是多么困难的事!但是我们并不能因此走向另一个极端,不能去剥夺音乐“表义”的权利。8.Myownbeliefisthatallmusichasanexpressivepower,somemoreandsomeless,butthatallmusichasacertainmeaningbehindthenotesandthatthatmeaningbehindthenotesconstitutes,afterall,whatthepieceissaying,whatthepieceisabout.Thiswholeproblemcanbestatedquitesimplybyasking,Isthereameaningtomusic?Myanswertothatwouldbe,Yes.AndCanyoustateinsomanywordswhatthemeaningis?Myanswertothatwouldbe,No.Thereinliesthedifficulty.我认为所有的音乐都有表义能力,有些强,有些弱。但是所有的音乐在每个音符和音符组成背后都有一定的意义,毕竟,这一支曲子说了些什么?这一支曲子关于什么?整个问题可以通过问答来陈述。“音乐里有意义吗?”我的回答是“有”。“你能够用足够多的额词语把它陈述出来吗?”我的回答是“不能”。这就是问题所在。9.Simple-mindedsoulswillneverbesatisfiedwiththeanswertothesecondofthesequestions.Theyalwayswantmusictohaveameaning,andthemoreconcreteitis,thebettertheylikeit.Themorethemusicremindsthemofatrain,astorm,afuneral,oranyotherfamiliarconceptionthemoreexpressiveitappearstobetothem.Thispop