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Chapter1IntroductiontoSystemsEngineering1.SystemsDefinedasystemisdefinedasagroupofcomponentsthatworktogetherforaspecifiedpurpose.itmeansasystemisacollectionofrecognizableunitshavingrelationshipsamongtheunits,aimingatspecifiedsingleormultipleobjectivessubjecttoitsexternalenvironment.Considerauniversityasasystemforproducingeducatedgraduates.Someofthepartsoftheuniversitysystemarestructuralorstaticcomponents,suchasuniversitybuildings.Asthesystemisoperating,thesestructuralcomponentsusuallydonotchangemuch.Operatingcomponentsaredynamicandperformprocessingsuchastheprofessorsinauniversitywhoteachstudents.Flowcomponentsareoftenmaterial,energy,orinformation;butinthisexample,studentsarethepartsthatflowormatriculatethroughtheuniversitysystem.Again,howthecomponentsinteractisanimportantaspectofanysystem,itsproblemsordesignissues,andtheiralternativesolutions.Forexample,gradesareonemechanismforinteractionbetweenprofessorsandstudents.Gradesserveapurpose,intendedornot.itisimportanttounderstandwhatpurpose,intendedandunintended,theyserve.2.FourBasicAttributesoftheSystem1.Assemblage.（集合）Asystemconsistsofapluralnumberofdistinguishableunits(elements,components,factors,subsystems,etc.),whichmaybephysicalorconceptual,naturalorartificial.2.Relationship.（相关性）Severalunitsassembledtogetheraremerelya'group'ora'set.'Forsuchagrouptobeadmissibleasasystem,arelationshiporaninteractionmustexistamongtheunits.3.Goal-seeking.（目标）Anactualsystemasawholeperformsacertainfunctionoraimsatsingleormultipleobjectives.Wherevertheseobjectivesareattainedattheirmaximum/minimumlevels,systemoptimizationissaidtohavebeenperformed.Anobjectivethatismeasurablebyanymeansiscalledagoal/target.3.SystemLifeCyclessthislifecycleconsistsofdefinitionoftherequirementsforasystem,developmentofthesystemitself,anddeploymentofthesysteminanoperatingenvironment.thattheeffortsinvolvedinthelife-cyclephasesfordefinition,development,anddeploymentneedtobeimplementedacrossthreelifecyclesthatcomprise:Systemsplanningandmarketing,Research,development,test,andevaluation(RDT&E)Systemsacquisitionorprocurement4.DefinitionsofSystemsEngineeringStructureSystemsengineeringismanagementtechnologytoassistclientsthroughtheformulation,analysis,andinterpretationoftheimpactsofproposedpolicies,controls,orcompletesystemsupontheneedperspectives,institutionalperspectives,andvalueperspectivesofstakeholderstoissuesunderconsideration.FunctionSystemsengineeringisanappropriatecombinationofthemethodsandtoolsofsystemsengineering,madepossiblethroughuseofasuitablemethodologyandsystemsmanagementprocedures,inausefulprocess-orientedsettingthatisappropriatefortheresolutionofreal-worldproblems,oftenoflargescaleandscope.PurposeThepurposeofsystemsengineeringisinformationandknowledgeorganizationthatwillassistclientswhodesiretodefine,develop,anddeploytotalsystemstoachieveahighstandardofoverallquality,integrity,andintegrationasrelatedtoperformance,trustworthiness,reliability,availability,andmaintainabilityoftheresultingsystem.theresultofsystemsmanagementisanappropriatecombinationofthemethodsandtoolsofsystemsengineering,includingtheiruseinamethodologicalsetting,withappropriateleadershipinmanagingsystemprocessandproductdevelopment,toultimatelyfieldasystemthatcanbeusedbyclientstosatisfytheneedsthatledtoitsdeveloJustsimplyconnectingtogetherindividualsubsystemsoftendoesnotresultinasystemthatperformsacceptably,eitherfromatechnologicalefficiencyperspectiveorfromaneffectivenessperspective.5.systemsengineeringknowledgethatsystemsengineeringknowledgeiscomprisedofthefollowing:Knowledgeprinciples,whichgenerallyrepresentformalproblemsolvingapproachestoknowledge,generallyemployedinnewsituationsand/orunstructuredenvironmentsKnowledgepractices,whichrepresenttheaccumulatedwisdomandexperiencesthathaveledtothedevelopmentofstandardoperatingpoliciesforwell-structuredproblemsKnowledgeperspectives,whichrepresenttheviewthatisheldrelativetofuturedirectionsandrealitiesinthetechnologicalareaunderconsiderationKnowledgeprinciplesincludeahostofscientifictheories.Inasense,theserepresentthewhyassociatedwiththefunctioningofsystems.Alternately,wecoulddevelopasetofknowledgepracticesthatarebasedonactualexperimentalobservationsofdifferentdriversbreakingdifferentcars.KnowledgeperspectivesareneededwhenweattempttoprojectvariousfuturesfortheautomobileItisonthebasisoftheappropriateuseoftheseknowledgetypesthatweareabletoaccomplishtechnologicalsystemplanninganddevelopmentandmanagementsystemplanninganddevelopment,whichleadtoanewinnovativeproductorservice.Chapter2MethodologicalFrameworksandSystemsEngineeringProcessesInthissectionwepresentandexplainthecompletesystemsengineeringprocesswithemphasisonframeworksforsystemsmethodologyanddesign.Theframeworkconsistsofthreedimensions:AlogicdimensionthatconsistsofthreefundamentalstepsAtimedimensionthatconsistsofthreebasiclifecyclephasesAperspectivesdimensionthatconsistsofthreestagesorlifecycles1.Thisthree-levelstructuredhierarchycomprisesasystemsengineeringlifecycleandisoneoftheingredientsofsystemsengineeringmethodology.ItinvolvesSyst