SafetyCulture

SafetyCultureSafetyCultureSponsoredbytheFRASponsoredbytheFRARDVRDV--3030VolpeNationalTransportationSystemsCenterVolpeNationalTransportationSystemsCenterOperatorPerformanceandSafetyAnalysisOperatorPerformanceandSafetyAnalysisJoyceRanneyPhDJoyceRanneyPhDJanuary12,2003January12,2003TRBHumanFactorsinTransportationTRBHumanFactorsinTransportationWorkshop105Workshop105January122003TRBHumanFactorsWorkshop105OutlineOutline„„DefinitionsandTermsDefinitionsandTerms„„PositiveSafetyCulturePositiveSafetyCulture„„ImprovingSafetyCultureImprovingSafetyCultureJanuary122003TRBHumanFactorsWorkshop105OrganizationalCultureOrganizationalCulture„„LearnedbehaviorasanorganizationcopesLearnedbehaviorasanorganizationcopeswithforcesinternalandexternalwithforcesinternalandexternal(Schein,1985)(Schein,1985)––BehaviorsBehaviors––ValuesValues––AssumptionsAssumptions„„OrganizationshavesubculturesOrganizationshavesubcultures(Schneider,1990)(Schneider,1990)––SafetySafety––CustomerServiceCustomerService––QualityQualityJanuary122003TRBHumanFactorsWorkshop105SafetyCultureSafetyCulture„„““ThesafetycultureofanorganizationistheproductofindividuThesafetycultureofanorganizationistheproductofindividualalandgroupvalues,attitudes,competencies,andpatternsofandgroupvalues,attitudes,competencies,andpatternsofbehaviourbehaviourthatdeterminethecommitmentto,andthestyleandthatdeterminethecommitmentto,andthestyleandproficiencyof,anorganizationproficiencyof,anorganization’’shealthandsafetyprogrammes.shealthandsafetyprogrammes.””(ACSNI,1993)(ACSNI,1993)„„““Sharedvalues(whatisimportant)andbeliefs(howthingswork)Sharedvalues(whatisimportant)andbeliefs(howthingswork)thatinteractwithanorganizationthatinteractwithanorganization’’sstructuresandcontrolsstructuresandcontrolsystemstoproducebehavioralnorms(thewaywedothingssystemstoproducebehavioralnorms(thewaywedothingsaroundhere)aroundhere)””(Reason,1997)(Reason,1997)January122003TRBHumanFactorsWorkshop105SafetyCultureNormsandPatternsofSafetyCultureNormsandPatternsofBehaviorBehavior„„MaximumefficiencyandminimumriskMaximumefficiencyandminimumrisk„„SharingresponsibilitySharingresponsibility„„ToleranceofdeparturefromrulesToleranceofdeparturefromrules„„PassinginformationPassinginformation„„SelfSelf--presentationpresentationMisumi,Wilpert,andMiller,1999.NuclearSafety:AHumanFactMisumi,Wilpert,andMiller,1999.NuclearSafety:AHumanFactorsPerspectiveorsPerspectiveJanuary122003TRBHumanFactorsWorkshop105SafetyCultureversusClimateSafetyCultureversusClimate„„CultureismorepermanentandtheclimateisCultureismorepermanentandtheclimateiswhatfluctuatesdaytoday:climateisawhatfluctuatesdaytoday:climateisamanifestationofculturemanifestationofculture(Lee,1998).(Lee,1998).„„““PPerceptionserceptionsoftheevents,practices,andoftheevents,practices,andproceduresandthekindsofbehaviorsthatproceduresandthekindsofbehaviorsthatgetrewardedsupported,andexpectedinagetrewardedsupported,andexpectedinasettingsetting””(Schneider,1990).(Schneider,1990).January122003TRBHumanFactorsWorkshop105SafetyClimateConstructsandOutcomesSafetyClimateConstructsandOutcomes„„InjuryReportingInjuryReporting(BST,(BST,Inc.,2000)Inc.,2000)ÎÎIncreasedreportingandIncreasedreportingandaccuracyaccuracy„„OrganizationValueOrganizationValueforforSafetySafety(Zohar,1980)(Zohar,1980)ÎÎFewerunsafebehaviorsFewerunsafebehaviorsandaccidentsandaccidents„„UpwardSafetyUpwardSafetyCommunicationCommunication(Hoffmann&Stetzer,1998)(Hoffmann&Stetzer,1998)ÎÎIncreasedaccuracyinIncreasedaccuracyinreportingreporting„„TeamWorkTeamWork(Hofmannand(HofmannandStetzer,1996)Stetzer,1996)ÎÎFewerunsafebehaviorsFewerunsafebehaviorsandaccidentsandaccidents„„ApproachingOthersApproachingOthers(Hofmannandstetzer,1996;BST,(Hofmannandstetzer,1996;BST,Inc.2000)Inc.2000)ÎÎFewerunsafebehaviors,Fewerunsafebehaviors,injuriesinjuriesJanuary122003TRBHumanFactorsWorkshop105PositiveSafetyCulturePositiveSafetyCulture„„HighReliabilityOrganizations(HRO)HighReliabilityOrganizations(HRO)(LaPorte,Rochlin,RobersandWeick,1991)(LaPorte,Rochlin,RobersandWeick,1991)––Potentialforerror,disasteroverwhelmingPotentialforerror,disasteroverwhelming––CatastrophicconsequencestoaccidentsCatastrophicconsequencestoaccidents––Examples:Nuclearpowergeneration,Examples:Nuclearpowergeneration,electricpowergenerationelectricpowergeneration––FewerdisastersthanonemightexpectFewerdisastersthanonemightexpectJanuary122003TRBHumanFactorsWorkshop105CharacteristicsofHROsCharacteristicsofHROs„„SensitivitytooperationsSensitivitytooperations„„CommitmenttoresilienceCommitmenttoresilience„„PreoccupationwithfailurePreoccupationwithfailure„„ReluctancetosimplifyinterpretationsReluctancetosimplifyinterpretations„„DeferencetoexpertiseDeferencetoexpertiseJanuary122003TRBHumanFactorsWorkshop105ChangingSafetyCultureChangingSafetyCulture(Reason,1997)(Reason,1997)UnsafeactsLossesHazardsDefensesUnsafeactsUnsafeactsaretheactionspeopletakearetheactionspeopletake““ontheflooronthefloor””thatcausethethatcausethedefensestofaildefensestofailJanuary122003TRBHumanFactorsWorkshop105ChangingSafetyC