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WilliamShakespeare-----ThepeakofHumanism小组成员：Shakespeareattendedgrammarschool,knowingwellofthebasictechniquesofwritingandhavingalotofknowledgeTheEnglishpoets,playwrightWilliamShakespearewasbornin1564inthetownofStratford-upon-AvoninWarwickshire,England.Thesonofasuccessfulmiddle-classglove-makerAfterhisfatherwentbankrupt,hisformaleducationproceedednofurther.Afterthatheworkedasabutcher'sapprentice.Oncetaughtinacountry.Andhedidmanyotherjobs.Thishelpedhimgetalotofworkexperiences.life•Attheageof20,hecametoLondon,firsthebecameagroominthetheater.Andthenhejoinedthetroupe,becametheactor,directorandthestockholderofthetheatre.•In1582,hemarriedanolderwoman,AnneHathaway,andhadthreechildrenwithher.Around1588,Shakespearestartedtowriting.Atfirst,headaptedtheformerscript,andsoonbegantocreatehisownworks.ThenShakespearebecameveryfamous,•Around1590helefthisfamilybehindandtraveledtoLondontoworkasanactorandplaywright.•in1591,hewrotethehistoricaldramaHenrySixThthetrilogy,afterthescriptperformancehasbeenwelcomegreatlytheaudience,andhaswontheveryhighprestigeforhim,lethimcometoastopgraduallyintheLondontheatricalcircletheheel.•In1595,ShakespearehaswrittenatragedyRomeoAndJuliet”•In1596,inthenameofhisfatherShakespeareappliedforthetitleofthegentlemanandhavetherighttocrest,thenpurchasedtherealestateforthreetimessuccessively.•In1599,Shakespearepouredintowrotethescriptwithallone'sstrengthHamlet“,hasobtainedthehugesuccess•In1603,JamesIcameintopower,Shakespeare’stroupewasrenamedasthekingconsecratetheater.Heandhisgroupwasappointedasthe”queenattendants”,Inadditiontotouringoutside,thetroupealsooftenperformedincourt.ShakespearelivedinLondonformorethan20years,andduringthattimehiswifestillstayintheStellaf.Around1604,HeretreatedtohishometownStellafanddiedin1616attheageoffifty-two.MajorworksAllhislifeheleftfortheworld37dramas,154sonnets（1590-1598）,2firstnarrativelongpoemandafewmiscellaneouspoems.earlystage：historyandcomedy;midstage:tragedy;laterstage:romanceFourGreatTragedies:Hamlet哈姆雷特Tobeornottobe,thatisthequestion.Othello奥赛罗Macbeth麦克白KingLear李尔王Tragedies:Comedies:AsYouLikeIt皆大欢喜TheMerchantofVenice威尼斯商人Allthatglittersisnotgold.AMidsummerNight’sDream仲夏夜之梦Romances:Winter’sTale冬天的故事TheTempest暴风雨RomeoandJuliet•Myonlylovesprungfrommyonlyhate.我的恨灰中燃起了爱火融融。Writingstyle1.Shakespeare'sfirstplayswerewrittenintheconventionallyhappystyleoftheday.2.Soon,however,Shakespearebegantoadaptthetraditionalstylestohisownpurposes.3.Shakespeare'sstandardpoeticformwasblankverse,composediniambicpentameter.4AfterHamlet,Shakespearevariedhispoeticstylefurther5Shakespeareadoptedmanytechniquestoachievesomeeffectswhichincludedrun-onlines,irregularpausesandstops,andextremevariationsinsentencestructureandlength.First•Shakespeare'sfirstplayswerewrittenintheconventionallyhappystyleoftheday.•Thepoetrydependsonextended,sometimeselaboratemetaphorsandconceits,andthelanguageisoftenrhetorical—writtenforactorstodeclaimratherthanspeak.•Forexample,thegrandspeechesinTitusAndronicus,intheviewofsomecritics,oftenholduptheaction;meanwhile,theverseinTwoGentlemenofVeronahasbeendescribedasstilted.Second•2.Soon,Shakespearebegantoadaptthetraditionalstylestohisownpurposes•TheopeningsoliloquyofRichardIIIhasitsrootsintheself-declarationofViceinmedievaldrama.Atthesametime,Richard’svividself-awarenesslooksforwardtothesoliloquiesofShakespeare‘smatureplays.Nosingleplaymarksachangefromthetraditionaltothefreerstyle.•Shakespearecombinedthetwothroughouthiscareer,withRomeoandJulietperhapsthebestexampleofthemixingofthestyles.BythetimeofRomeoandJuliet,RichardII,andAMidsummerNight'sDreaminthemid-1590s,Shakespearehadbeguntowriteamorenaturalpoetry.Heincreasinglytunedhismetaphorsandimagestotheneedsofthedramaitself.Third•Shakespeare'sstandardpoeticformwasblankverse,composediniambicpentameter.•Blankversewasusuallyunrhymedandconsistedoftensyllablestoaline,spokenwithastressoneverysecondsyllable.Theblankverseofhisearlyplaysisquitedifferentfromthatofhislaterones.Itisoftenbeautiful,butitssentencestendtostart,pause,andfinishattheendoflines,withtheriskofmonotony.•OnceShakespearemasteredtraditionalblankverse,hebegantointerruptandvaryitsflow.ThistechniquereleasesthenewpowerandflexibilityofthepoetryinplayssuchasJuliusCaesarandHamlet.Fourth•AfterHamlet,Shakespearevariedhispoeticstylefurther•TheliterarycriticA.C.Bradleydescribedthisstyleasmoreconcentrated,rapid,varied,and,inconstruction,lessregular,notseldomtwistedorelliptical.Fifth•InthelastphaseofhiscareerShakespeareadoptedmanytechniquestoachievesomeeffectswhichincludedrun-onlines,irregularpausesandstops,andextremevariationsinsentencestructureandlength.•InMacbeth,forexample,thelanguagedartsfromoneunrelatedmetaphororsimiletoanother:wasthehopedrunk/Whereinyoudressedyourself?(1.7.35–38);...pity,likeanakednew-bornbabe/Stridingtheblast,orheaven'scherubim,hors'd/Uponthesightlesscouriersoftheair...(1.7.21–25).•Thelateromances,withtheirshiftsintimeandsurprisingturnsofplot,inspiredalastpoeticstyleinwhichlongandshortsentencesaresetagainstoneanother,clausesarepiledup,subjectandobjectarerevers