形容词和副词一、形容词的种类、作用和位置形容词用以修饰名词等表示人和事物的性质、特征。通常将形容词分成性质形容词和表语形容词两类。1、性质形容词:用以直接说明人或事物的性质、特征的形容词,它们有等级变化,也可以用程度副词来修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和宾语补足语。大部分形容词都是性质形容词。1.Thesweaterisverybeautiful.2.Ihaveabusyday.3.Wekeepourclassroomclean.2.表语形容词这类形容词只能作表语,通常不能作定语,所以被称为表语形容词。这类形容词大多以a开头,没有比较等级的变化,也不可用程度副词来修饰。如:afraid(害怕的),alone(单独的),alive(活着的),asleep(睡着的),awake(醒着的),以及well(健康的),worth(值得的),unable(不能的),ill(病了的)等。例句:1.Thebabyisasleep.2.Thegirlisafraidofsnakes.3.Hefeelswelltoday.注意:表语形容词不能用very来修饰,如不能说veryasleep,veryalone,但可以说:fastasleep,quitealone。形容词的位置:形容词修饰名词,通常是放在名词前面。它们前面常带有冠词、形容词性物主代词、指示代词、数词等。如:1.Whataninterestingidea!2.Beijingisamoderncity.3.Ihavefivegoodfriends.但是:在修饰由no,some,any,every构成的复合不定代词时,形容词应放在被修饰词之后.如:1.There’ssomethingwrongwithmybike.2.Isthereanythingimportantintoday’snewspaper?形容词的位置二、副词的种类、作用和位置副词是用来说明动作或状态的特征、时间、地点、程度、方式等情况。副词的种类1时间副词如:now,usually,often,always,sometimes等2.地点副词如:here,there,out,everywhere3.方式副词如:carefully,well,fast,slowly4.程度副词如:very,much,quite,almost5.疑问副词如:how,when,why,where6.连接副词如:whether,why,when,how副词的作用一、作状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语或整个句子。1.Thetrainrunsfast.(修饰动词)2.Shehasbeenbadlyillthesedays.(修饰形容词)3.Theshopisrightonyourleft.(修饰介词)4.Luckily,hepassedthefinalexams.(修饰句子)二、作定语有少数地点副词、时间副词可以作定语,放在所修饰的词的后边。1.ThestudentstherearefromBeijing.那里的学生来自北京。2.Imetanoldfriendonmywayhome.我在回家的路上遇到一位老朋友。3.Chinatodayhasdevelopedgreatly.今天的中国有了巨大的发展。三、作表语作表语的副词多数是表示位置的,如:in,out,on,back,down,up,off,away,等1.Youmustbeawaynow.你现在必须离开。2.Schoolisover.Let’sgohome.放学了,我们回家吧。3.TheTVisstillon,pleaseturnitoff.电视还开着呢,请把它关掉。副词的位置频度副词频度副词,如always,often,sometimes,usually,seldom等通常放在行为动词之前,be动词之后。句子里如果有助动词或情态动词,则要放在它们之后。1.Heusuallyhaslunchinthefactory.2.Theboyisoftenlateforschool.时间副词和地点副词通常置于句尾,如果同时出现,则把地点副词放在时间副词的前面,也可把时间副词放在句首。1.Theywentswimmingintheriveryesterday.=Yesterdaytheywentswimmingintheriver.方式副词方式副词修饰不及物动词时放在动词后,修饰及物动词时,放在被修饰的动词前或宾语之后,如果宾语较长,也可把副词放在动词和宾语之间。1.Myfatherworkshard.2.TomspeaksEnglishverywell.3.Mikewrotecarefullysomeletterstohisparents.程度副词程度副词一般放在被修饰的形容词或副词前面,放在情态动词和助动词之后。1.Iamreallysorrytohearthat.2.TheweatherhereisquitedifferentfromthatinNanjing.3.Thegilrsworksveryhard.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词1)一般情况加–er或–estfast–faster–fastesthigh–higher–highestclever–cleverer–cleverest2)以字母e结尾加–r或–stfine–finer–finestlate–later–latestnice–nicer–nicest3)重读闭音节、末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写加–er或–estfat–fatter–fattestbig–bigger–biggestthin–thinner–thinnest4)以辅音字母加y结尾变y为i加–er或–estearly–earlier–earliesteasy–easier–easiestlucky–luckier–luckiest规则变化部分双音节和多音节词在词前加more或mostslowly-moreslowly-mostslowlyeasily-moreeasily-mosteasilycarefully-morecarefully-mostcarefully不规则变化1.good/well–better–best2.many/much–more–most3.little–less–least4.far–farther–farthest(far–further–furthest)5.bad/badly/ill–worse–worst形容词和副词比较级和最高级的用法一、比较级用法表示两者(人或事物)的比较时用比较级,通常用连词than引导,表示“较······”或“更······一些”的意思1.Thiscakeismoredeliciousthanthatone.2.LiLeijumpedfartherthanJim(did).二、最高级用法表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较用最高级,最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the,后面可带of(in,among)短语来说明比较的范围*ShanghaiisthebiggestcityinChina.*Lucysings(the)bestofall.*Heisthemostcarefulamongus.三、同级比较的用法在表示“和······一样······”和“不及······”这概念时,可以用“as+原级+as”和“notas(so)+原级+as”的句型•*Ourteacherisasbusyasbefore.*Hedoesnotrunso(as)fastasI.几种比较级的使用句型1.“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越······”1.YourEnglishisgettingbetterandbetter.你的英语越来越好了。2.ThesedaysmoreandmorepeoplearelearningEnglish.现在学英语的人越来越多了2.“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越······就越······”*Themore,thebetter.越多越好。*Thebusierheis,thehappierhefeels.他越忙越高兴。3.“more(less)than”表示“超过(不到)”*Sheismorethanthirty.她三十多岁了。*Thelightestweighslessthan50kilograms.最轻的不到五十公斤。4.“moreorless”表示“差不多,或多或少”*Theproblemismoreorlesssolved.这个问题差不多已经解决了。*---Isitstraight?---Moreorless.它直吗?–差不多吧。6)注意点1.形容词最高级前一定要用the,副词最高级前可省略.Hedid(the)bestintheexam.2.在比较级中为了避免重复,在the后常用one,that,those等词来替代前面提到过的名词1)Thispenisshorterthanthatone.2)TheweatherhereiswarmerthanthatofShanghai.3)Theboysinourschoolleaveschoollaterthanthoseintheirs.3.用or连接两项需作比较的内容时,须用比较级;若or连接三项或三项以上的内容时,则须用最高级*Whoistaller,MaryorJane?*Whichisthebiggest,thesun,themoonortheearth?4)可用much,still,alittle,even,far,threeyears等表示程度的状语来修饰比较级*SheismuchtallerthanMrs.Liu.*HeisthreeyearsolderthanI.*Thisproblemisalittlemoredifficultthantheotherone.同义句转换1.Heistallerthananyotherstudentinhisclass.=Heistallerthantheotherstudentsinhisclass.=Heistallerthananyoftheotherstudentsinhisclass.=Heisthetallest(student)inhisclass2.KateisnotascarefulasMillie.=MillieismorecarefulthanKate.=KateislesscarefulthanMillie.3.LucysingsbetterthanLily.=LilysingsworsethanLucy.=Lilydoesn’tsingaswellasLucy.•1.It’simportanttokeepcalminanemergency.Ifyouarefrightened,youmaymakewrongreactions.•2.Motherjoinsmeinsendingourbestwishes.•3.Theypresentedasumofmoneytothecollegeinmemoryoftheirson.•4.HehasagoodcommandofFrench,sothathecancommunicatewiththeFrenchguestswell.•5.Vietnammadeanofficialrequestthattheconferencebepostponed.•6.HovcanIpersuadeyouthatI’msincere?•7.Anearthquakeleftthewholecityinruins.•8.Yourescuedmefromanembarrassingsituation.•9.Attackisthebestdefense.•10.Thewholesituationwassoridiculous,Isimplyburstintolaughter.Quizonadjs.andadve