HND国际实物配送

..1TransportationmodesModeTotalmodecostCostperpalletTransittimeAdvantagesDisadvantagesSea62024.87daysCheapandlargecapacitySlowandhighrisksAir12652534hoursFastandsecureExpensiveandfinitecapacityRail1275512daysFastandlargecapacityLessflexibleandneedrailroadDirectroad135067.53daysBetterforshippedandconvenientSmallcapacityandexpensiveMulti-mode118547.47days18hoursReducehandingofcargoandquickertransittimesCostofinvestmentishighTakeseaasanexample,becausetheshippingrequires25palletsandthetotalcostis620,thecostperpalletis620/25=24.8.Inthesimilarway,otherresultalsocanbecalculated,excepttheMulti-mode.TheMulti-mode’costis1185including125,620,295,and145,thusthecostperpalletis1185/25=47.4.Airtransportationisoptimumchoice.Airtransportationcanusetheleasttimetoconveygoodsduetofasterspeed.Besides,italsoensuresthesecuritytoalargeextentrelatively.However,italsohassomedisadvantages.Airtransportationhasexpensivecost,andairportisdistantfrommunicipalcenter.Seatransportationalsocanbechosen.Thoughitistheslowestmethodandvulnerabletobadweatherinocean,itisthelowestexpensesof..freightandcarriesthelargestquantities.AngusGlenalsocanselectrail.Railhasalargecapacityandislessrefrainedbybadweather.Railhasthesedisadvantages,itisnotmuchflexibleandcannotworkwithoutrailroad.2ConsignmentdeliverytermFCAFreeCarrier(namedplaceofdelivery)Atradetermrequiringthesellertodelivergoodsnamedairport,terminal,orotherplacewherecarrieroperates.Costlosstransferbuyerandriskoflosstransfertothebuyerafterdelivertothecarriers.Thesellerfulfilshisobligationdeliverwhenhehashandedgoodsover,clearedforexport,intothechargeofthecarriernamednamedbythebuyeratthenamedplace.Whenusedtradeterms,word“free”meanssellerhasanobediencetodelivergoodsnamedplacefortransfertocarrier(store.iccwbo.org,2016).FOBFreeOnBoard(namedportofshipment)atermininternationalcommerciallawspecifyingatwhatpointthesellertransfersownershipofthegoodstothebuyer.UndertheIncoterms2010standardpublishedbytheInternationalChamberofCommerce,FOBisonlyusedinnon-containerizedseafreight,andalsodefinesownershiptransfer.Theownerofthegoodsisresponsiblefordamageorlossduringtransport,sothepointofownershiptransferisimportant(store.iccwbo.org,2016).CIFCost,Insurance&Freight(namedportofdestination)ThistermisbroadlysimilartotheaboveCFRterm,withtheexceptionthatthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceforthegoodswhileintransittothenamedportofdestination.CIFrequiresthesellertoinsurethegoodsfor110%oftheirvalueunderatleasttheminimu)mcoveroftheInstituteCargoClausesoftheInstituteofLondonUnderwriters,oranysimilarsetofclauses.Thepolicyshouldbeinthesamecurrencyasthecontract.CIFcanbeusedbyanytransportbyseaandairnotlimitedtocontainerizedornon-containerizedcargoandincludesallchargesuptotheport/terminalofentrance.CIPcovers..additionalchargesattheport/terminalofentrance(store.iccwbo.org,2016).CPTCarriagePaidto(namedplaceofdestination)Thesellerpaysforthecarriageofthegoodsuptothenamedplaceofdestination.However,thegoodsareconsideredtobedeliveredwhenthegoodshavebeenhandedovertothefirstormaincarrier,sothattherisktransferstobuyeruponhandinggoodsovertothatcarrierattheplaceofshipmentinthecountryofExport.Thesellerisresponsiblefororigincostsincludingexportclearanceandfreightcostsforcarriagetothenamedplaceofdestination.Ifthebuyerrequiresthesellertoobtaininsurance,theIncotermCIPshouldbeconsideredinstead(store.iccwbo.org,2016).CIPCarriageandInsurancePaidto(namedplaceofdestination)CIPrequiresthesellertoinsurethegoodsfor110%ofthecontractvalueunderatleasttheminimumcoveroftheInstituteCargoClausesoftheInstituteofLondonUnderwritersoranysimilarsetofclauses.Thepolicyshouldbeinthesamecurrencyasthecontract,andshouldallowthebuyer,theseller,andanyoneelsewithaninsurableinterestinthegoodstobeabletomakeaclaim.CIPcanbeusedforallmodesoftransport,whereastheIncotermCIFshouldonlybeusedfornon-containerisedseafreight(store.iccwbo.org,2016).DATDeliveredAtTerminal(namedterminalatportorplaceofdestination)ThisIncotermrequiresthatthesellerdeliversthegoods,unloaded,atthenamedterminal.Thesellercoversallthecostsoftransport(exportfees,carriage,unloadingfrommaincarrieratdestinationportanddestinationportcharges)andassumesallriskuntilarrivalatthedestinationportorterminal.TheterminalcanbeaPort,Airport,orinlandfreightinterchange,butmustbeafacilitywiththecapabilitytoreceivetheshipment.Allchargesafterunloadingaretobebornebybuyer.However,itisimportanttonotethatanydelayordemurragechargesattheterminalwillgenerallybefortheseller's..account(store.iccwbo.org,2016).DAPDeliveredAtPlace(namedplaceofdestination)UnderDAPterms,theriskpassesfromsellertobuyerfromthepointofdestinationmentionedinthecontractofdelivery.Oncegoodsarereadyforshipment,thenecessarypackingiscarriedoutbythesellerathisowncost,sothatthegoodsreachtheirfinaldestinationsafely.Allnecessarylegalformalitiesintheexportingcountryarecompletedbythesellerathisowncostandrisktoclearthegoodsforexport(store.iccwbo.org,2016).DDPDeliveredDutyPaid(namedplaceofdestination)Sellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodstothenamedplaceinthecountryofthebuyer,andpaysallcost