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文艺复兴时期威廉·莎士比亚WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)AsthespokesmanofEnglishRenaissance,WilliamShakespeareisoneofthemostremarkableplaywrightsandpoetstheworldhaseverknown.Withhis38plays,154sonnetsand2longpoems,hehasestablishedhisgiantpositioninworldliterature.Hamlet,thesummitofShakespeare’sart,istheprofoundestexpressionofhishumanismandhiscriticismofcontemporarylife.弗朗西斯·培根FrancisBacon(1561-1626)AsarepresentativeoftheRenaissanceinEngland,BaconwasthefounderofmodernscienceofEnglandandthefirstEnglishessayist.Hisessayscoverawidevarietyofsubjects.Theyhavewonpopularityfortheirprecision,clearness,brevityandforce.OfStudiesisthemostpopularofBacon’s58essays.Forcefulandpersuasive,compactandprecise,OfStudiesrevealstousBacon’smatureattitudetowardslearning.埃德蒙·斯宾塞EdmundSpencer(1552-1599)Spencerwasrecognizedasthe“Poet’spoet”byhiscontemporariesandhadgreatinfluenceonanumberofgreatEnglishpoetsinthelatercenturies.Hisgreatestwork,TheFaerieQueene,waswritteninSpenserianstanza,whichwasapopularverseforminventedbyhim.Theprincipleintentionistopresentthrougha“historicalpoem”theexampleofaperfectgentleman.浪漫主义时期威廉·布莱克WilliamBlake(1758-1827)BlakeisregardedasaPre-RomanticoraforerunneroftheRomanticpoetryofthe19thcentury,whoproclaimedthesupremacyoftheimaginationovertherationalismandmaterialism.InhismasterpieceSongsofInnocenceandSongsofExperience,theworldisseenfromachild’spointofview,butthepoemsalsofunctionasparablesofadultexperience.威廉·华兹华斯WilliamWordsworth(1770-1850)WilliamWordsworthwastheleadingfigureoftheEnglishromanticpoetry.Hispoemsaremainlyaboutthebeautyofnatureanditsrelationshipwithallhumanbeings.Hisbest-knownworkLyricalBalladsmarkedthebeginningoftheRomanticrevivalinEngland.ItsprefaceservedasthemanifestooftheEnglishRomanticmovementinpoetry.He,togetherwithColeridgeandSouthey,hasoftenbeenmentionedasthe“LakePoets”.拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生RalphWaldoEmerson（1803-1882）EmersonwasthechiefspokesmanofNewEnglandTranscendentalism,whichisunanimouslyagreedtobethesummitoftheromanticperiodinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.Hegreatlyinfluencedreligionandphilosophy,especiallywithhisideaofTranscendentalism,whichsaidthatGod’snaturewasineverypersonandthing.Emerson’sessayNatureexplainsTranscendentalismastheunityofnature.现实主义查尔斯·狄更斯CharlesDickens(1812-1870)DickenswasoneofthegreatestcriticalrealistwritersoftheVictorianAge.ThegreatnessofDickensisthathehadtheabilitytosustaininterestthroughallkindsofliterarydevices.Heisagreathumoristandsatiristandhisnovelsarecharacterizedbyaminglingofhumorandpathos.HismasterpieceGreatExpectationsisasatireuponthesocietyandthosepeoplewhodreamtoenterthehighersociety.马克·吐温MarkTwain(1835-1910)MarkTwainistheleadingUShumorouswriterofthe19thcentury,whoisconsideredthefatherofAmericanliterature.InhisbooksTwainshapedtheworld’sviewofAmericaandmadeanextensivecombinationofAmericanfolkhumorandseriousliterature.TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnisTwain’smostrepresentativework,describingajourneydowntheMississippiundertakenbyHuckandJim.亨利·詹姆斯HenryJames(1843-1916)HenryJameswastheforerunnerofthe“streamofconsciousness”literature.ArecurringthemeinhisfictionistheconflictbetweentheEuropeanandAmericanworldviews.ThePortraitofALadyisgenerallyconsideredtobehismasterpiece,whichincarnatestheclashbetweentheOldWorldandtheNewinthelifejourneyofanAmericangirlinaEuropeanculturalenvironment.自然主义托马斯·哈代TomasHardy(1840-1928)TomasHardywasanoutstandingnovelistaswellasapoet.Hisbestlocal-coloredworks,knownas“novelsofcharacterandenvironment”,arethemostrepresentativeofhimasbothanaturalisticandacriticalrealistwriter.TessofD’UrbervillesisHardy’smostwellknownnovel,whichportraitsthetragiclotofapoorcountrygirlruinedbythebourgeoissociety.西奥多·德莱塞TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)DreiserwasoneofthemostsignificantAmericanwritersofnaturalism.Hisworksareoftenaboutpoorpeoplewithunhappylives.HewasopposedtotheideaoftheAmericandreamofsuccess.InSisterCarrieDreiserexpressedhisnaturalisticpursuitbyexpoundingthepurposelessnessoflifeandattackingtheconventionalmoralstandards.斯蒂芬·克莱恩StephenCrane（1871～1900）Cranewasapioneerwritinginthenaturalistictraditionandalsoapioneerinthefieldofmodernpoetry.Crane’sfictionalworldisanaturalisticoneinwhichmanisdeprivedoffreewillandexpectsnohelpfromanyquarterwhatever.Maggie:AGirloftheStreetsrelatesthestoryofagoodwoman’sdownfallanddestructioninaslumenvironment.现代主义T．S．爱略特T.S.Eliot(1888-1965)T.S.EliotwasaleaderofthemodernistmovementinEnglishpoetryandagreatinnovatorofversetechnique,whowasawardedtheBritishOrderofMeritandtheNobelPrizeforliteraturein1948.HismasterpieceTheWastelandisapoemwhichisregardedasbeingprimarilyareflectionofthe20th-centurypeople’sdisillusionmentandfrustrationinasterileandfutilesociety.D.H.劳伦斯D.H.Lawrence（1885-1930）D.H.Lawrencewasoneoftheliterarygiantsofthemodernperiod.Themajorthemeofallhiswritingsishumanrelationshipsinthemodernworldwherenaturalharmonyhasbeendestroyedbyindustryandmodernization.IntheautobiographicalnovelSonsandLovers,thedetaileddescriptionofthehumanrelationshipsshowstheinfluenceofFreud’stheoryofpsychoanalysis,especiallythatofthe“Oedipuscomplex.”詹姆斯·乔伊斯JamesJoyce(1882-1