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MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.TechnicaltrendsofCeramicResonatorinCarElectronics汽车电子应用陶瓷振荡子的技术趋势MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.nBaseMaterialsofResonator振荡子的基础材料•QuartzCrystal石英晶体•Ceramics陶瓷•OtherSingleCrystalMaterials(LiTaO3,LiNbO3,etc)其他单晶材料（钽酸锂，铌酸锂等）ResonatorsarerequiredforeachoftheindividualECUs.每一个ECU都需要振荡子振荡子振荡子BUS-LINE振荡子振荡子ECUECUECUECUConnectionImageofECUs振荡子与ECU的连接示意图MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.Electrode电极Randomdipoleaftersintering烧结后任意排列双极子Polarization(3kV/mm)极化Survivingpolarity残留极性Polaraxis极性轴Polycrystalwithrandompolaraxis具有任意排列极性轴的多晶体Monocrystalwithsinglepolaraxis具有单一极性轴的单晶体PolarizationandPiezoelectricEffectofPiezoCeramics压电陶瓷的极化及压电效应PiezoelectricEffect压电效应TheCenterofNegativeCharge负电荷中心Vibration振动ElectricPower电力TheCenterofPositiveCharge正电荷中心AppliedVoltage施加电压MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.VibrationModesandResonantFrequencyBand振动模式与共振频率带Note:Signifiesthedirectionofthevibration1k10k100k1M10M100M1GFrequency[Hz]频率Vibratingmode振动模式Lengthmode长度方向振动AreaexpansionmodeRadiusVibrationSurfaceAcousticWaveApplications应用PiezoBuzzer压电蜂鸣器KHzCeramicResonator/FilterKHz陶瓷振荡子/滤波器MHzCeramicResonator/FilterMHz陶瓷振荡子/滤波器MHzCeramicResonator/FilterMHz陶瓷振荡子/滤波器SAWFilter声表面波滤波器SAWResonator声表面波振荡子HFTrap高频陷波器HFCeramicResonator高频陶瓷振荡子Flexuralmode弯曲振动BGSWaveBGS波ThicknessShearmodeHFCeramicFilter高频陶瓷滤波器KHzCeramicFilterKHz陶瓷滤波器Thicknessexpandermode面积扩展振动径向辐射振动厚薄切变振动厚度纵向扩展振动声表面波MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.PiezoelectricCeramic压电陶瓷Electrode电极FEMSimulationFEM振动模拟FEMSimulationFEM振动模拟PiezoelectricCeramic压电陶瓷Electrode电极nThicknessExpansionVibrationMode厚度纵向扩展振动Polaraxis极化轴TypicalModelsofVibrationMode主要振动模式nThicknessShearVibrationMode厚薄切变振动Polaraxis极化轴MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.•LCoscillationcircuitsusingceramicresonatorsorcrystalresonatorsarethefirsttype,thepositivefeedbacktype.使用陶瓷振荡子或晶体振荡子的LC振荡电路属于第一类的正反馈电路•ColpittscircuitsandHartleycircuitsaretypicalexamplesofpositivefeedbackoscillationLCcircuits.考毕兹电路和哈特利电路是典型的正反馈LC振荡电路•Whenresonatorsareapplied,Colpittscircuitsaregenerallyused.当使用振荡子时，通常会采用考毕兹电路。•Theoscillationfrequenciescanberepresentedbythefollowingformulas.振荡频率可由下面的公式表示)(2121LLCfosc+≅p1≅22121CCCCLfLLLLosc+××p（HartleyCircuit哈特利电路）（ColpittsCircuit考毕兹电路）OscillationPrinciple震荡原理ColpittsCircuit考毕兹电路HartleyCircuit哈特利电路L1L2CCL1LCL2nOscillationcircuitscanbeclassifiedintothreetypes振荡电路可以分为3类1.positivefeedback正反馈电路2.negativeresistanceelements负阻抗电路3.transmissiontimeorphasedelay传送时间或相位延迟电路MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.TheColpittscircuitusesaninversionamplifierfor180°phaseinversion,andthefeedbackcircuitusesacoilandcapacitorforanadditional180°phaseinversion.考毕兹电路通过一个反相放大器实现180°相位反转，然后反馈回路通过线圈和电容再实现180°的相位反转。OscillationCondition振荡条件WhereOscillationPrinciple震荡原理a(q1)RfRdCL1CL2b(q2)LoopGain:a×b≥1环路增益PhaseShift:q1+q2=360°×n位相量a:MuFactor放大率b:FeedbackRatio反馈率θ1,q2:Phaseshift位相量•Whenaceramicresonatorisusedinanoscillationcircuit,itissubstitutedforElementLoftheColpittscircuit.在振荡电路中使用的振荡子，就相当于考毕兹电路中的元件L•Ceramicresonatorbecomesinductivebetweentheresonancefrequencyandanti-resonancefrequency.陶瓷振荡子在谐振频率与反谐振频率之间呈现电感性PositiveFeedbackOscillationCircuit正反馈振荡回路MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.•Whenafeedbackresistorisconnectedtobothendsoftheinverter,thecurrentflowssothatbothendsoftheinverterhaveequalpotential.Finally,theoutputvoltageisaboutonehalfofthepowersupplyvoltage.当把变频器的两端接上一个并联电阻，电流开始流动，最终输出电压会达到约为输入电压的1/2，即1/2VDD。•WhenasmallACvoltageisappliedtotheinputterminal,anamplifiedvoltageisoutput,andthephaseisinvertedby180°.当在输入端加上一个微小的交流电压时，能够输出一个放大的电压，并且相位反转180°.InversionAmplifierbyC-MOSInverter用C-MOS作为反相放大器InputSignal输入信号VinVoutVDDVDDDDV21DDV21OutputSignal输出信号0101Input输入Output输出Inverter变频器•Inverterisalogicelementwhichinvertadigitalsignal.变频器是一种转换数字信号的逻辑元件Input输入Output输出FeedbackResistor反馈电阻•Inverterservesasananalogamplifierwhencombinedwithafeedbackresistor.当变频器连接上一个反馈电阻后就成为一个模拟信号放大器MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.VarioustypicalOscillationDevices各种典型的振荡器件Type种类Symbol符号Cost成本Size尺寸FrequencyTrimming频率调整FrequencyTolerance频率公差OscillationStability振荡稳定性Qm机械值QLCNotsmall大Need要±2.0%Small小CRSmall小Need要Small小QuartzCrystal水晶Expensive贵Noneed不要Stable稳定Large大Ceramic陶瓷Noneed不要±0.1to±0.5%Medium中Qm:MechanicalQ机械值QSmall小Inexpensive便宜Inexpensive便宜Inexpensive便宜Stable稳定Notstable不稳定Notstable不稳定±2.0%±10to±50ppmNotsmall大MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.ComparisonofCeramicResonatorandQuartzCrystal陶瓷振荡子与水晶的比较QuickstartuposcillationmakesCeramicResonatormoreadvantageouswhenitcomestopoweringamicrocomputerbackfromsleepmode.快速响应的特点使陶瓷振荡子在激活处于睡眠状态的微机时更具优势1.3msCeramicResonator陶瓷振荡子QuartzCrystal水晶0.1msMeasuredwith8.00MHzsample使用8MHz样品进行测试Comparisonofoscillationstart-uptime起振时间的比较MurataManufacturingCo.,Ltd.MKRMdvdtvkvdtF++=∫RLdidtRi1c1idtV++=∫Mechanicalequation机械运动方程式Electricalequation电气运动方程式R:Friction摩擦力(Correspondingto相当于R1)K:Springconstant弹簧常数(Correspondingto相当于)M:Mass质量(Correspondingto相当于L1)11CCeramicResonatorcanstartupmorequicklythanquartzcrystal陶瓷振荡子能够比水晶快速起振Inmechanicalmotion(vibrationbyspring),vibrationcanstartupquicklywhensmall“M”andsmall“K”.在机械运动中（弹簧振动），当“M”和“K”较小时能够快速起振。.Inthecaseofelectricalmotion,oscillationcanstartupquick