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2111111.111.1.1gθ100⋅=soilwatergMMθ11.1waterMsoilM100-110252%25%60%vθ100⋅soilwatervVVθ11.2waterVsoilV++10%40-50%wbgvρρθθ/=11.3212bρwρtψpmztψψψψψ+++=011.4zmopNielsen,etal.,19710ψpψzmtψψψ+=11.511.1.2/V/VkPa1−kgJ11.1.31-5%AGCM8213-1.5Mpa3%30%11.1.4gθvθvθ15-35%5%DoorenbosandPruitt,19765%3%JuryandRoth,19901011.2gθ21410516-2410570GeeandDodson,198111.311.3.111.3.1.1VisvalingamandTandy,19721535215-180-30-1.25mm415CRCCCR=11.6CC10110CCCRr20.90-0.9911.3.1.2GardnerandCalissendorff,1967ρµ×−=eII011.7216II02.52.511.3.2803.5--TDR11.3.2.1TDRTDRToppDavisAnnan(1982)3624103.4105.5029.0053.0εεεθ−−⋅+⋅−+−=v11.8Drangie,AbtandGish,198953011.3.2.2217Jackson,199011.4PNMR11.4.1PNMRPaetzold,GishandJackon,1987--PNMRPNMR5PNMRPNMR11.4.2-JacksonandSchumgge,1989-0.95-0.610bT218βsoilTsoilbTTβ=11.9soilTKβbTtS()()1−−=RASSLvtvθ11.10LvSRARA11.511.5.1-Marthaler,elal.,1983Bourdon-typeU219-80kPa-100kPa11.5.2PerrierandMarsh,195811.5.3Rawlins,1972)/ln()/(0ppWRTm=ψ11.11220W0.018kgmole-1R8.31JK-1TKPP0Peltier1500kPa98.8%98-100%10kPa0.001KBruniniandThurtell,198211.6S2Ln)/(422Lsn=11.12s2252%11.122522111.72.0gcm-310%20%1.62gcm-3gfinesθ()()finesstoneswbfincsgstonyrMM/1/+ρρθθ11.13stonyrθfinesstonesMM,1976AmericanSocietyofAgronomy,1976:MethodsofSoilAnalyis,Part1,PhysicalandMineralogicalMethods(A.Klute,ed.).AmericalSocietyofAgronomy,Wisconsin,188pp.Brunini,O.andThurtell,G.W.,1982:Animprovedthermocouplehygrometerforinsitumeasurementsofsoilwaterpotential.SoilSocietyofAmericaJournal,46,pp.900-904.Doorenbos,J.andPruitt,WO.,1976:CropwaterrequirementsIrrigationandDrainage,24,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsRome.Drungil,C.E.C.,Abt,KandGish,T.J.,1989:Soilmoisturedeterminationingravellysoilswithtimedomainreflectometry.TransactionsoftheAmericanSocietyofAgriculturalEngineers,32,pp.177-180.Gardner,W.h.andCalissendirff,C.,1967:Gammarayandneutronattenuationmeasurementsofsoilbulkdensityandsoilwatercontent.ProceedingsoftheSymposiumonTechniquesinSoilPhysicsandIrrigationStudies,Istanbul.InternationalAtomicEnergyAgency,Vienna,pp.101-113.Gee,G.W.andDodson,M.E.,1981:Soilwatercontentbymicrowavedrying:aroutineprocedure.SoilScienceSocietyofAmericaJournal,45,pp.1234-1237.Jackson,T.J.,1990:Laboratoryevaluationofafield-portabledielectricdielectric/soikmoistureprobe.IEEETransactionsonGeoscienceRemoteSensing,28,pp.241-245.Jackson,T.J.andSchmugge,T.J.,1989:Passivemicrowaveremotesensingsystemforsoilmoisture:somesupportingresearch.IEEETransactionsonGeoscienceandRemoteSensing,27,pp.225-235.Jury,W.A.andRoth,K.,1990:TransferFunctionsandSoluteMovementsThroughSoil.BirkhauserVerlagAG,Basle,Switzerland,228pp.222Marthaler,H.P.,etal.,1983:Apressuretransducerforfieldtensiometers.SoilScienceSocietyofAmericaJournal,47,pp.624-627.Nielsen,D.R.,etal.,1971:SoilWater.AmericalSocietyofAgronomy,Madison,Winconsin,175pp.Paetzold,R.F.,Gish,T.J.andJackson,T.J.,1987:NMRmeasurementsofsoilwatercontent.ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceontheMeasurementofSoilandPlantWaterStatus,Logan,Utah,6-10July1978,1,pp255-260.Perrier,E.R.andMarsh,A.W.,1958:Performancecharacteristicsofvariouselectricalresistanceunitsandgypsummaterials.SoilScience,86,pp.140-147.Rawlins,S.L.,1972:Theoryofthermocouplepsy-chrometersformeasuringplantandsoilwaterpotentials.In:Brown,R.W.andvanHaveren,B.P.,PsychrometryinWaterRelationsResearch.UtahAgriculturalExperimentStation,UtahStateUniversity,Logan.Topp,G.C.,Davis,J.L.andAnnan,A.P.,1982:ElectromagneticdeterminationofsoilwatercontentsusingTDR:I.Applicationstowettingfrontsandsteepgradients.SoilScienceSocietyofAmericaJournal,46,pp.672-678.Visvalingam,M.andTandy,J.D.,1972:Theneutronmethodformeasuringsoilmoisturecontent:areview.JournalofSoilScience,23,pp.499-511.