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1解析大作文主体段的五大扩展方式朗阁雅思考试研究中心雅思大作文段落扩展有很多方法，比如列举法、举例法、对比法、因果法、让步法、定义法、类比法等，但是在实际运用的时候很多考生的局限性很强，从而限制了分数的进一步提高。在接下来的章节里，朗阁雅思考试研究中心写作组的专家将会系统地总结目前雅思大作文主体段的主要扩展方式及各自的侧重点：一、举例法举例法主要用于通过摆事实引用数据等对论点加以说明，从而增加论证的说服力，同时也是增加段落字数的一种简单的方法。目前的大作文若一个例子都不举的话是很难得到高分的，而且单纯的说理会使得文章显得很“空”，举例子既是一种知识面的展示，更是写作功底的体现。我们在使用举例法时常用的连接词有：forexample,forinstance,suchas,namely,takesomethingforexample,etc,有时候我们还可以用一些句子来拖例子，比如Thisistruegiventheexampleof…;还能用一些副词来接续后面的例子，比如indeed,today,nowadays…等。但是目前比较主流的举例子是用宾语从句引导，比如Arecentsurveyshowsthat…。以下我们来剖析一下举例法的实际应用。1.Secondly,airtransportisthebiggestenvironmentkiller.ArecentsurveyconductedbyChicagoUniversityshowsthattheplaneairpollutionisatleastthreetimesasthevehicle.Withtheincreaseofgreenhouseeffect,shouldn’tweimproveourenvironmentprotectionconcept?2.Firstly,thetrafficjamcausedbytheincreasingnumberofcarsisanightmareforalldrivers.ArecentsurveyrevealsthatBeijingcitizensspendaveragelyabout65minutesonroadeveryday.Billionsofdollarsarebeingwastedontheroadinmanybigcitiesallovertheworld,suchasLondon,NewYork,ParisandTokyo,butwecoulddonothingtochangeittillnow.2在这2个主体段的片段中，作者用宾语从句来引导例子，尤其在第一个例子中他还增加了调查问卷的来源，从而增加了一定的权威性和学术性。我们一般可以用一些高等学府，或者科研机构或权威杂志来作为这些研究调查问卷的来源。类似的用法我们还可以来看以下的例子：TheRoyalCommissiononEnvironmentalPollutionsaysbitsofthecountry,notablysoutheastEngland,areunderpressureonwasteandwateruse.Butsimplyaimingtoreducepopulationsizewillhavelittleimpact,itsays.Thisisthefinalreportfromthe40-year-oldcommission,whichisbeingabolishedunderspendingcuts.Itistwo-yearinvestigationlookedatissuessuchaswatersupplies,waste,urbanpollutionandwildlife.Thereport,DemographicChangeandtheEnvironment,concludesthatincreasingconsumption,theconcentrationofpopulationinareasthatareill-equippedtosupplyitsneeds,andthetrendtowardssingle-personhouseholds-whichincreasesenergydemand-allmattermorethanthesimplesizeoftheUK'spopulation.3.Thisissometimestruegiventheexamplesofmanygiftedathleteswhofailedtowinthefinals,suchasthefootballteamoftheNetherlandswhichwasalwaysregardedastheexpectedwinneroftheWorldCupbutoftendisappointedtheworldintheend.Lackteamspiritandcohesionleadtothefrequentfailureoftheirgames.在这个段落中，我们使用的这个主系表结构引导举例，这个句子的使用规则是将表语作为先行词，然后引导一个定语从句。4.However,therearesignificantsocial,economic,andenvironmentaldrawbacksgainedbypurchasingimportedfoodproducts.Examplesofproposedenvironmentaldownsidesincludeincreasedpackaging,increasedimpactoftransportation,higherlivestockdensities,etc.在这个段落中，我们使用的举例子结构是前一个结构的“缩写”形式，直接引导一个主谓宾的简单句，对于快速成文也是很有帮助的。35.Inmanyplaces,culturaltraditionsaredestroyedbecausetheyarebeingcommercializedforprofits.Forexample,themomentatouristsetsfootonaplaceofattraction,heisalwaysfirstwelcomedbyacrowdofpeddlerssellingsouvenirsthatarealwaysfakeandoverpriced.6.Furthermore,masstourismisinevitablydamagingthelocalenvironment.Take`wildtourism`asanexample,ithasresultedinsuchmanyseriousproblemsasriversorlakesbeingpolluted,treesbeingcutdownandanimalslosttheirhabitatsandwentextinct,etc.一般我们在使用举例法的时候，都是用主谓宾或者主系表的简单句作为基本的引导句型，然后根据后续是否还可以导出一个结论，灵活搭配定语从句或者是分词结构来扩展。7.Themushroomedfastfoodshaveverynegativeeffectsonsocieties.Sincehundredyearsago,thetraditionalfoodshavebecomeoneofthemostimportantsymbolsofaculture.Aswementioningsomecountries,wecanassociatethemwiththeirfamousfoods,PekingduckofChina,SashimiofJapan,andRomePizzaofItaly.Buttheinternationalfastfoodsareoccupyingeverycornerofthewholeworldnowadays.Inthenearfuture,wecantellthatallcultureswillhaveasamefamousfood–McDonald’s.Suchanormalkindoffoodisactuallyacultureaggressionofmostcountries.我们在举例子时，还可以用表示时间的连词来引导例子，而不需要很机械式的用forinstance之类的标准式的举例连词。8.TheUKneedstoconsumelessandsharepeoplearoundthecountrymoreequallyinordertotackleitsenvironmentalproblems,areportrecommends.9.Academicsubjects,suchasreadingandwriting,playavitalroleintheeducationsystem.在这个句子里，suchas是部分举例，倘若遇到全部举例时，只需将连接词换成namely4即可。二、因果论述法因果法其实分为2个层面，一是先因后果，二是先果后因，2者皆属于因果法，此法也是所有论述手法中最主要的一种，也几乎是每篇文章必然会使用的方法。朗阁雅思考试研究中心总结了一些因果法常用的连接词如下：therefore,asaresult,asaconsequence,consequently,becauseofthis,hence,thus,thereby,forthisreason,resultin,leadto,thecauseof,thereasonfor,asaresultof,owingto,dueto,because,since,as,resultfrom,boildownto,attributeto等。因果法尤其在“分析解决型”大作文中是主要的段落论述手法。1.However,otherswhoclaimthatusersshouldpayforthecostfindtheiroriginsineconomics.Foravarietyofdifferentreasons,manypeoplebuylargercarsthantheyneedfordailypurposesorwastefuelbydrivingaggressively,whichresultsinboththeincreasingloadoftheroadandtheenvironmentalpollution.Iftheusersarechargedtopayfortheroadgearedtothesizeofthecartheyuse,theymightbecomewisetobuymoreenvironmentallyfriendlycarsorchoosepublictransport.Additionally,usersmighthavetherighttoinvolveindesigningroadsinamorepragmaticwayasaresultofpayingforthefees.Thatway,thefinancialburdenofthegovernmentwillbeeased.2.ManyinstancesofjuveniledelinquencyhavebeenattributedtotheviolentorpornographiccontentofsomeTVshowsandvideogames.NowweareconfrontedwithaproliferationofbloodandnudityonTV,thecomputerandtheInternet.Asaconsequence,manyyoungsters,especiallyboys,getaddictedtosuchscenes.Theincreaseofjuvenilecrimerateissymbio