跨文化交际实用教程总复习

第11小组：组长：英语14103班燕子组员：英语14101班郑慧敏、张莹英语14102班高媛英语14104班朱瑜、周霞一．ReviewCultureDimensionsIncultureVisibleCultureInvisibleCultureBigCCultureSmallCCultureHighCultureAnthropologicalcultureCulturalIdentityMainstreamcultureSub-cultureCo-cultureChapter1CultureandCultureIdentity•Cultureisbothvisibleandinvisible.•Cultureisthedepositofvalues,norms,beliefsandsocialpracticesthatarebasedonfromgenerationtogeneration.•Everyonehasaculturalidentity,butastherearedifferentcultureswithinculture,peoplemaybemembersofvarioussub-culturesorco-cultures.•Cultureisnotmonolithicbutanever-changinganddynamicentity.CultureCommunicationInterculturalCommunicationInternationalcommunicationInterculturalCommunicationInterethniccommunicationInterracialcommunicationChapter2CommunicationandInterculturalCommunication•Cultureandcommunicationareinextricablyinterwovenbecauseweshareculturethroughcommunication.•EdwardT.Hall’swell-knownculturalpatterntheory—“High-contextandLow-contextculture”.•Thelinkbetweencommunicationandinterculturalcommunicationaswellasthedistinctionbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.•Differentculturesincommunication:eastern—theinterpersonalfunctionofcommunication—buildingarelationshipwestern—theinstrumentalfunctionofcommunication—exchangingideasCultureVerbalcommunicationVerbalLinguisticbarrierstointerculturalcommunicationLackofvocabularyequivalenceLackofidiomaticequivalenceLackofsyntacticequivalenceLackofexperientialequivalenceLackofconceptualequivalenceWritingChapter3VerbalInterculturalCommunication•Verbalcommunicationisessentialininterculturalcommunicationandtranslationproblemsusuallygiverisetolinguisticbarriersininterculturalcommunication.•Learningalanguageisrequireslearningculturalbecauselanguageisjustasetofarbitrarysymbols.•Differencesinlanguagesrepresentsbasicdifferencesinworldviews.•Weneedtobefullyawareofverbalandwrittendifferencesacrossculturessoastoavoidmiscommunication.•Westernculturaltendtobemoreanalytical,rational,objectiveandprecise.Easterncultureismorelikelytobesynthetic,intuitive,subjectiveandvague.NonverbalParalanguageSilenceChronemicsProxemicsOculesicsOlfacticsHapticsKinesicsChromaticsAttireChapter4NonverbalInterculturalCommunication•Nonverbalcommunicationreferstointentionaluseofnonspokensymbolstocommunicateaspecificmessage.•Misunderstandarelikelytooccur,especiallywhenwecommunicatewithpeoplefromdifferentculturesbecausewedonotsharethesharethesamenonverbalcodes.•Cross-culturaldifferencesinnonverbalcodesareimportantbecausenonverbalbehaviourisnotuniversal.•Byunderstandingdifferencesinnonverbalbehaviour,wegathercluesaboutunderlyingattitudesandvalues.Webecomeconsciousofourethnocentricbehaviourswhenwejudgeother’gestures,facialexpressions,posture,andevensilence.InterculturalcommunicationbarriersEmotionalbarriersAssumingsimilaritiesinsteadofdifferencesAnxietyUncertaintyAttitudinalbarriersEthnocentrismStereotypingPrejudiceRacismChapter5InterculturalCommunicationBarriers•Culturebiasiseverywhereandwithineveryonesowemusttobecarefullysensitivetodifferencesacrossculturesandmakeaconsciousefforttoavoidemotionalandattitudinalbarrierstocommunicate.•Howtoovercomeinterculturalcommunicationbarriersbyemotionalbarriersandattitudinalbarriers?1)Raiseawarenesssoastobeconsciousofone’svaluesandbiasesandtheireffect;2)becomecomfortablewithdifferencesandwelcomethem;3)obtainknowledge;4)communicationwithpeoplefromdifferentcultures;5)bemotivatedtolearnaboutothercultures;6)acquireinterculturalcommunicationskills.HiddencoreofcultureWorldviewsHistoricDualisticValuesEqualityHierarchyConformitySecurityAssertivenessHumilityCompetitionCooperationHarmonyDimensionsPolychronic/monochronicMasculinity/femininityUniversalism/particularismIndividualism/collectivismHigh-context/low-contextHighpowerdistance/LowpowerdistanceUncertaintyavoiding/uncertaintyacceptingChapter6TheHiddenCoreofCulture•Worldviewisoursharedoutlookontheworldasaculture.Astheorepartofculture,itguidesourwaysofthinkingandacting.Thetwobasicworldviews,thedualisticandtheholistic,accountformanyofthedifferencesbetweeneastandwest.•Valuesarestandards,socialcriteriabywhichbehavoursarejudged.•Themajorculturedifferencesbetweeneastandwest:Ingeneral,easternculturesvalueunity,collectivity,historyandtraditionwhilewesternculturesplacesmoreweightonopposites,individuality,equality,andthepresent.•HiddencoreofcultureOurpatternsofbenavioursarelargelyinfluencedbythehiddenvaluesofourculture.Thus,misrepresentationsandmisinterpretationsininterculturaltransactionsaretheconsequencesofignoranceaboutoneanother’spredominatingworldviewsandculturalvalues.Inordertospeakandactproperlyandappropriatelyininterculturalcommunication,weneedtounderstandvalueorientationsacrossculturesandweneedtobeabletonegotiatebetweenpatternsofbehaviour.•Twowell-knownculturalpatterntheories:1)Kluckhohn&Strodtbeck’s“ValuesOrientation”2)GeertHofstede’s“DimensionsofCulturalVariability”HospitalityGift-givingChapter7SocialInteractionCustoms•Differentculturehavedifferentcustomsregardinggreetingsandfarewells,invitationsandresponses,appointmentsandvisiting,an