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第1页共3页一、英汉互译1.oxidizingagent——氧化剂2.activatedsludge——活性污泥3.waterpurification——水净化4.protozoa——原生动物5.nitrogendioxide——二氧化氮6.phosphate——磷酸盐7.thedewpoint——露点8.foodadditives——食品添加剂9.chemicalplant——化工厂10.primaryairpollutant——一次大气污染物11.qualitativeanalysis——定性分析12.environmentalproblem——环境问题13.incompletecombustion——不完全燃烧14.photochemicaloxidants——光化学氧化剂15.suspentedsolid——悬浮固体16.气布比——airtoclothratio17.一氧化碳——carbonmonoxide18.酵母——yeast19.紫外线——ultravioletlight20.反向渗透——reverseosmosis21.水资源——waterresource22.有机物质——organicmatter23.地表水——surfacewater24.引风机——draftfan25.生物鉴定——bioassay26.副产品——by-products27.环境容量——environmentalcapacity28.供水，给水——watersupply29.吸附——adsorption30.环境污染——environmentalpollution二、英译汉1.Protectionofpublichealth,theoriginalpurposeofpollutioncontrol,continuestobetheprimaryobjectiveinmanyareas.However,preservationofwaterresources,protectionoffishingareas,andmaintenanceofrecreationalwatersareadditionalconcernstoday.污染控制的最初目的是保护公众的健康，在许多地方这仍然是主要目的。然而，目前保护水资源、保护渔区和维护娱乐水域也是关注的方面。2.Pollutioncanbedefinedasanundesirablechangeinthephysical,chemical,orbiologicalcharacteristicsoftheair,water,orlandthatcanharmfullyaffectthehealth,survival,oractivitiesofhumansorotherlivingorganisms.污染：可以定义为空气、水或土壤的物理化学或生物特性发生恶化以至于对人类或生物有机体的健康、生存或活性造成了危害。Environmentcanbedefinedas(1)thecircumstanceofconditionsthatsurroundanorganismorgroupoforganisms,or(2)thecomplexofsocialorculturalconditionsthataffectanindividualorcommunity.环境可以定义为：（1）一个生物个体或生物群体周围的状况或条件；（2）影响个体或群体的复杂的社会或文化条件。3.Fabricfiltersusuallyprovideveryhighcollectionefficiencies,exceeding99.5%,atpressuredropsusuallyrangingfrom4to6inchesofwater.Theamountoffilterarearequiredisoftenbasedoanair-to-clothratioof11.5to3.0cfmofgas/ftofcloth.第2页共3页布袋过滤器经常提供超过99.5%的高捕集效率，压力降一般在4-6英寸水柱。所需要的滤料面积通常是根据气布比为11.5-3.0cfm气体/平方英尺布来考虑的。4.Sulfurandnitrogenoxidesreactintheatmospheretoformacidiccompoundsthatattackmetalsurfaces,aproblemthathasbeenparticularlyacuteforthecommunications,switchgear,andcomputerindustries.大气中的硫和氮的氧化物经反应后形成酸性化合物，这些化合物腐蚀金属表面，这个问题通讯设备、电力设施和计算机工业方面已经很严重。三、选择题1.Theobjectiveofthisbookistointroduceengineeringandsciencestudentstotheinterdisciplinarystudyofenvironmentalproblems:theircauses,whytheyareofconcern,andhowwecancontrolthem.（C）A.objectiveB.bookC.environmentalproblemsD.students2.Thus,apollutantspeciesmaypresentatoxicologicalhazardtoplantsoranimals.Itmayalsocausecontaminationofresources(suchasair,water,andsoil)sothattheycannotbeutilizedforotherpurposes.（C）A.plantsB.animalsC.resourcesD.pollutantspecies3.However,sewagemayalsocontainpathogensfromtheexcretaofpeoplewithinfectiousdiseasesthatcanbetransmittedbycontaminatedwater.（D）A.sewageB.pathogensC.peopleD.infectiousdiseases4.Infact,knowledgeablescientistsofthetimeacceptedlandirrigationandpercolationintotheporousundergroundformationsasmethodsofwastetreatment.Althoughthesetreatmentmethodsmayhavebeenintendedfornon-hazardousmaterials,theywereemployedforhazardousmaterialsaswell.（B）A.knowledgeablescientistsB.thesetreatmentmethodsC.non-hazardousmaterialsD.hazardousmaterials5.Sulfurandnitrogenoxidesreactintheatmospheretoformacidiccompoundswhichattackmetalsurfaces,aproblemwhichhasbeenparticularlyacuteforthecommunications,switchgear,andcomputerindustries.（D）A.SulfurB.SulfurandnitrogenoxidesC.metalsurfacesD.acidiccompounds四、英译汉，每小题10分，共30分1.Internationalcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotectionshouldbebasedontheprincipleofequalityamongsovereignstates.Thedevelopingcountrieshavethesovereignrighttousetheirownnatural第3页共3页resourcesinkeepingwiththeirdevelopmentalandenvironmentalobjectivesandpriorities.Furthermoreenvironmentalconsiderationsshouldnotbeusedasanexcuseforinterferenceintheinternalaffairsofthedevelopingcountries,norshouldthesebeusedtointroduceanyformsofconditionalityinaidordevelopmentfinancing,ortoimposetradebarriersaffectingtheexportanddevelopmenteffortsofthedevelopingcountries.在环境保护领域的国际合作应该建立在主权国家之间的平等原则的基础上。发展中国家有主权去利用自己国家的资源来维持发展和环境目标及其优先权。不应该以保护环境为理由干涉发展中国家的内政，不应借此在援助或发展资金上提出任何形式的附加条件，也不应设置贸易壁垒影响发展中国家出口和发展的努力。2.Impuritiesinwaterwereclassifiedassuspended,colloidal,ordissolved.Suspendedparticlesarelargeenoughtosettleoutortobefiltered.Colloidalanddissolvedimpuritiesaremoredifficulttoremove.Onepossibilityissomehowtomakethesesmallparticlesjointogethertobecomelargerones,whichcanthenbetreatedassuspendedmatter.Anotherpossibilityistoconvertthemtoagasthatescapesfromthewaterintotheatmosphere.Whatevertheapproach,itmustberememberedthatenergyisrequiredtoliftwaterortopumpitthroughafilter.水中的杂质可分为悬浮的，胶体态的或溶解态的。由于悬浮的颗粒大足以被沉淀或被过滤掉。胶体态的或溶解态的杂质较难以去除掉。去除他们的一个可能的方法是以某种方法把这些微小的颗粒物结合成比较大的颗粒然后采用去除悬浮物的方法来处理。另一种可能的方法是把他们转变为气态然后是他们从水中散发到大气中，无论采用哪一种方法，有一点必须记住的是提升水或用泵将水输送通过滤床都需要能量。3.Waterdeficitsandcontaminationofexistingwatersuppliesthreatentobecriticalenvironmentalissuesinthefutureforagriculturalproductionaswellasfordomesticandindustrialuse.Manycountriesalreadyhaveseriouswatershortagesandmorethanonebillionpeoplelackaccesstocleanwateroradequatesanitation.Toxicairandwaterpollutants,alongwithmountainsofsolidandhazardouswastes,arebecomingoverwhelmingproblemsinindust