社会研究方法艾尔巴比双语Ch

ThePracticeofSocialResearch社会研究方法EarlBabbie（艾尔·巴比）ChapmanUniversityPart1AnIntroductiontoInquiry研究概论Chapter1HumanInquiryandScience人类研究与科学ChapterOutlineLookingforReality寻求真实TheFoundationsofSocialScience社会研究的基础SomeDialecticsofSocialResearch社会研究中的一些辩证关系TheEthicsofSocialResearch社会研究的伦理HowWeKnowWhatWeKnow（我们如何形成对世界的认知）DirectExperienceandObservation个人体验与观察PersonalInquiry个人研究Tradition传统（约定俗成的知识）Authority权威LookingforReality寻求真实Ourattemptstolearnabouttheworldareonlypartlylinkedtodirect,personalinquiryorexperience.我们对世界的认识和了解，只有部分来自于个人研究或经验。Alargerpartcomesfromagreed-onknowledgethatothersgiveus,things“everyoneknows.”大部分来自于别人告知的约定俗成的知识。Thisagreementrealitybothassistsandhindersourattemptstofindoutforourselves.这些约定俗成的真实，既可能帮助也可能阻碍我们亲手去发掘真实。SourcesofSecondhandKnowledgeBothprovideastartingpointforinquiry,butcanleadustostartatthewrongpointandpushusinthewrongdirection.二手知识既给我们提供了研究的起点（站在巨人的肩上），但也可能误导我们（错误的起点、错误的方向）1.Tradition传统2.Authority权威ScienceandInquiry科学与研究Epistemologyisthescienceofknowing.认识论是认识的科学Methodology(asubfieldofepistemology)mightbecalledthescienceoffindingout.方法论（认识论的一支）或许可以称为寻找解答的科学QuestionHowdoindividualslearnalltheyneedtoknow?A.personalexperience个人体验B.Discovery探究发现C.fromwhatotherstellus别人说的D.allofthesechoices以上都是Answer:DIndividualslearnalltheyneedtoknowfrompersonalexperience,discoveryandfromwhatotherstellus.个体通过个人体验、主动探究发现和别人告知的，来获取所需的知识OrdinaryHumanInquiry一般的人类研究Humansrecognizethatfuturecircumstancesarecausedbypresentones.首先，人们认识到，未来的环境多少是由现在的状况造成的。Humanslearnthatpatternsofcauseandeffectareprobabilisticinnature.其次，人类知道因果关系牵涉到概率问题Humansaimtoanswer“what”and“why”questions,andpursuethesegoalsbyobservingandfiguringout.人类研究的目的在于回答“是什么”和“为什么”，通过观察和推理来达到目标。Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutions研究中常见的错误及解决办法1.Inaccurateobservations不确切观察•Measurementdevicesaddprecision.测量手段增加了准确性2.Overgeneralization过度概括化•Enoughcases足够样本观察•Repeatastudytomakesurethesameresultsareproducedeachtime.重复进行同一项研究，看是否每次都得到同样结果3.Selectiveobservation选择性观察•Makeanefforttofindcasesthatdonotfitthegeneralpattern.找出不符合一般情形的异常案例4.IllogicalReasoning非逻辑推理•Usesystemsoflogicexplicitly.有意识地运用逻辑体系来避免这样的情形Inquiry:ErrorsandSolutions研究中常见的错误及解决办法ViewsofReality对真实的看法Premodern-Thingsareastheyseemtobe.前现代观点：眼见为实Modern-Acknowledgmentofhumansubjectivity.现代观点：仁者见仁智者见智Postmodern-Thereisnoobjectiverealitytobeobserved.后现代观点：没什么真实的世界可供观察。所有的真实，都源于自我观点中的想象。ABook一本书Allofthesearethesamebook,butitlooksdifferentwhenviewedfromdifferentlocations,perspectives,or“pointsofview.”这些都是同一本书。但放置的位置、视角不同或人们观点不同，他看起来就不一样。PointofViewWife’sPointofView.Thereisnoquestioninthewife’smindastowhoisrightandrationalandwhoisoutofcontrol.在妻子看来，谁是正确、理智的，以及谁失去了理智，是显而易见的。PointofViewHusband’sPointofView.Thehusbandhasaverydifferentperceptionofthesamesetofevents,ofcourse.丈夫的视角。对同一件事，他的看法截然不同。QuestionInyourdiscussionofmeasurementwithafriend,shearguesthatwhatyouaretryingtomeasuredoesnotexistandyourownpointofviewwilldeterminewhatyouperceiveinmeasuring.Shehaswhichviewofreality?A.correctB.premodernC.modernD.postmodernE.ScientificAnswer:DInyourdiscussionofmeasurementwithafriend,shearguesthatwhatyouaretryingtomeasuredoesnotexistandyourownpointofviewwilldeterminewhatyouperceiveinmeasuring.Shehasthepostmodernviewofreality.后现代的观点QuestionYou'vegottenA'sonthelastthreetests.Youhavearesearchprojectduethelastdayofclassandyou’resureyou’regoingtoflunkbecausesomethinghastobreakthisstreakofgoodluck.You’vefallenpreyto:A.illogicalreasoning.B.inaccurateobservation.C.selectiveobservation.D.over-emphasisontradition.E.overgeneralization.Answer:AYou'vegottenA'sonthelastthreetests.Youhavearesearchprojectduethelastdayofclassandyou’resureyou’regoingtoflunkbecausesomethinghastobreakthisstreakofgoodluck.You’vefallenpreytoillogicalreasoning.FoundationsofSocialScience社会科学的基础Thefoundationsofsocialsciencearelogicandobservation.社会科学的基础是逻辑和观察Ascientificunderstandingoftheworldmustmakesenseandcorrespondtowhatweobserve.科学对世界的理解，必须言之成理，并且符合我们的观察。Bothareessentialtoscienceandrelatetothethreemajoraspectsofsocialscientificenterprise:theory,datacollection,anddataanalysis.这两者对科学都不可或缺，而且与科学研究的三大层面密切相关，理论、资料收集和资料分析。FoundationsofSocialScience社会科学的基础Theory-Systematicexplanationfortheobservationsthatrelatetoaparticularaspectoflife.理论旨在系统地解释对生活中某一方面的观察Datacollection-observation资料搜集旨在整理观察的结果DataAnalysis-thecomparisonofwhatislogicallyexpectedwithwhatisactuallyobserved.资料分析，是比较逻辑预期和实际观察，寻找可能的模式。SocialRegularities社会规律ExamplesofPatternsinsociallife:社会生活的规范Onlypeople18andoldercanvote.只有18岁以上的人的可以投票Onlypeoplewithalicensecandrive.只有18岁以上且有执照的人可以开车Aggregates总体而非个体Thecollectiveactionsandsituationsofmanyindividuals.集体行为和许多个人的状况——社会科学处理的是集体而非个体的行为Focusofsocialscienceistoexplainwhyaggregatedpatternsofbehaviorareregularevenwhenindividualschangeovertime——社会科学的目的在于解释为什么即使个体行为随着时间改变，集体行为的模式却有规律可循。Birthrates,UnitedStates:1980–2002198215.9198315.6198415.6198515.8198615.6198715.7198816.0198916.4199016.7199116.2199215.8199315.4199415.0199514.6199614.4199714.2199814.3199914.2200014.4200114.1200213.9QuestionSocialresearchaimst