英语辩论简要介绍ppt

I.Definitionofdebate:Debateiddefinedas“exchangeofreasoning”Inotherwords,itisaquestioningexplorationthatischanging,energeticanddynamic.II.Stylesofdebate:Parliamentarydebate:(1)thestandardAmericanstyle:hastwoteamsoftwocontestantsmakingatotalof6speechesbecauseonespeakerwillspeaktwicebygivinga“reply”speech.(2)thestandardBritishstyle:itbringsagreaterlevelofcomplexitybyhavingfourcompetingteams,twoteamsoneachsideeachcompromisingoftwopeoplemakingatotalof8speeches.Eachteamhasaspecificroletoplaydependingontheirorderofspeaking.Forexample;thesummingupforthewholesideisdonebythelastspeakerofthesecondteams.I.DefinitionofMotion:Thereareanumberofdifferentwordstodescribemotions.Theycanbecalled,forexample:topics,subjects,resolutions,moots,proposals,propositionsorissues.Motionsareusuallywordedas—thishousebelievesthat…II.Purposeofmotion:Inparliamentarydebate,themotionindentifiesaproblemorsituationthatcouldbechanged.Thepurposeofthedebateistotestwhethertheproposedchangeofferedbyaffirmativesideintheirdefinitionofthemotionisworkableandreasonable.DebateMatterMannerMethodTheBuildingblocksforadebateIncludestheactualArgumentsyouuseHowyoupresentyourcaseIncludesbodylanguageanddeliveryThestrategicchoicesmadeinadebateItisthedeliverystyleadebaterusestopersuadetheaudience.Itisinvolvedinphysicalandvocalaspects:Appearance(dressappropriately)Stance●physicalaspectGesturesEyecontactStyle(beyourselfbutplanforvariety)UseofnotesUseofnotesTips:(1)Don’tread(2)Dousenotes:toremindyouwhattosay,toremindyouwhentosayit,toremindyouhowtosayit.HowtoUseNotes:(1)Mainpoints:theheadingsnotafullscript(2)Theorderofthepoints:structureofspeech(3)Thestyle:voice,speed,pause(toremindyouwhentousesoftcalmvoice,whentomoreaggressive,whentoslowdown)(4)Leavesomespaces(torenumbertheorderifnecessary)(5)Evidenceforeachmainpoint(smallcards,notpaper)(6)Havesparecardstowriterebuttalnotes(7)Difficultwordsforpronouncingorremembering(inbigletters)Volume(don’tshoutbutbeheard)Voice(varythepaceandpitch)Speed(don’tgabble:slowdown,clear,formal)Pauses●VocalaspectLanguage(keeplanguagesimple)signpostingrepetitionHumorI.QualityofdefinitionTheaffirmativesidehaswhatiscalledits“burden”.Thatisthedutytoestablishadebatablecaseforthemotion.(1)Itisnecessarythatalldebatersagreeonwhatisbeingdebatedandthatwhatsbeingdebatedisunderstoodbytheaudience.(2)Itisnecessaryinparliamentarydebatingthatthemotionisinterpretedinawaythatthereisacasetoanswer.Thatistosay,theaffirmativesidemustinterpretthemotioninawaythatallowstheoppositiontochallengethemII.TheclashTheoppositionmustchallengebydirectlyconfrontingtheaffirmativeside’scase.Theydonot,however,havetosticktotheexactconditionsofthecaseaslaidoutbytheaffirmative.Theycanextendornarrowatopicifithelpsthembutmustgiveclearreasonsfordoingso.Ifthenegativesidedoesnotchallengetheaffirmativeside’scase,theywillloseonMatteraswellasMethod.III.Allocationoftasks(1)Americanparliamentarydebateaformalcontestofreason,witandrhetoricalskillwhichsimulatesdebateinatheoreticalHouseofParliament.Twoteams,theGovernmentandtheOpposition,oftwodebaterseach,consideraresolutionproposedtotheHouse.1.1.Eachteamwillcompromisethefollowingmembers:1.1.1PrimeMinister:(PM)(7Minutes)Introducetheresolution/motion.DefineanyambiguouswordsinthemotionornarrowthemotiontospecificsGiveclearandprecisecasestatement.(Itshouldbeonesentencewhichindicateswhattheaffirmativesidewantstoproveduringthedebate)Supportcasewithseveralindependentarguments.1.1.2.LeaderofOpposition:(LO)(8Minutes):Evaluatethedefinition.AcceptorrejectthedefintionAnnounceoppositionstrategy/countercase.Introduceindependentanalysis.RebutPMargument.1.1.3.MemberofGovernment(MG)(8Minutes):Provideoverviews.AttackOppositionindependentanalysis.Rebuild/reviewGovernmentcase.Introducenewargument.1.1.4.MemberofOpposition:(MO)(8Minutes):Introducenewpointsandanalysis.CounterMemberofGovernment.1.1.5.LeaderofOppositionRebuttal(LO)(4Minutes):NONEWARGUMENTSALLOWEDCompareandcontrastthetwocasesHighlightweaknessesbytheaffirmativesideEmphasizethestrengthsinthenegativeside’sarguments.Conclusion.1.1.6.PrimeMinisterRebuttal(PMR)(5Minutes):NONEWARGUMENTSALLOWEDRebutthenegativeside’scaseSummarizeaffirmativeside’scase.Addresscrucialissues.Compareandcontrastthearguments.Conclusion.(2).PointofInformation(POI):2.1POISarecommentsmadebymembersdirectedatthespeechofthememberholdingthefloor;POIshouldbebrief,pertinentandpreferablywitty.Pointsoforderandpointsofpersonalprivilegeareprohibited.POI指在对方发言时，针对发言者正在申述的观点提出本方观点。POI要简短，切题，机智。严禁针对比赛规则和个人提出问题。2.2A“PointofInformation”mustbeindicatedbyamemberofanopposingteamrisingfromhis/herseatandextendinghandtowardsthememberholdingthefloor.AmemberofferingaPointofInformationmaydrawattentiontotheofferbysaying“onthatpointSir/Madam,”orsimilar.提出POI时要从座位上起立，将一只手指向发言的人。提问者可以用类似onthatpointSir/Madam的话引起发言者的注意。2.3Amemberholdingthefloormustrespondtoanopposingmember,ormembersofferingPointsofInformation,inoneofthefollowingways:AcleargestureorhandsignalrejectingtheofferAverbalrejectionoftheofferAverbalacceptanceo