11-Relevance-Theory-(1)-关联理论

Unit11RelevanceTheory(1)关联理论（一）◦…anindividual’sparticularcognitivegoalatagivenmomentisalwaysaninstanceofamoregeneralgoal:maximizingtherelevanceoftheinformationprocessed.——Sperber&Wilson,Relevance:CommunicationandCognition,1986:49.Contents◦11.1Communication:thecodemodel◦11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦11.3Communication:ostensionandinference◦11.4ContextinRT:acognitiveconstruct◦11.5Relevance:cognitiveeffectsandprocessingefforts11.1Communication:thecodemodel◦语码模式proposedbySperberandWilson:Basically,thespeakerscommunicateinformationabouttheirthoughts,ideas,beliefs,and/oremotions.Todoso,thespeakersgenerallydependonacodewhichpairstheinformationwithsignalsandthusenablesthetwosidestounderstandeachother.◦Figure1:Thecodemodeloflinguisticcommunication(p.146)11.1Communication:thecodemodel◦Givenallfavorableconditions(e.g.boththespeakerandthehearerarecompetentcodeusers;nosignificantdisturbancefromnoiseoccurs,etc.),thecodemodelcanexplainhowthecommunicationofinformationbetweenthespeakerandthehearersucceeds.◦However,therearebasicflawswiththismodel.11.1Communication:thecodemodel◦Flawswiththemodel:(1)Speakersmaychoosenottoencodewhattheywanttocommunicate.(seeex.(1))(2)Inaddition,communicationispossibleevenwhentheencodingordecodingisimperfect.(successfulunderstandingofbadEnglishbyateacher)11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦推理模式ProposedbyGrice:Communicationisatleastpartlyanintelligentactivity,involvingtheexerciseofreasonandimagination.Communicationisachievedbyproducingandinterpretingevidence.Thisevidenceisthesentence(s)weproduceasfarasverbalcommunicationisconcerned.11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦Tocoveysomeinformation,onecanhavetwochoices:(1)oneprovidesdirectevidencefortheinformationtobeconveyed;(2)oneprovidesdirectevidenceforhis/herintentiontoconveyit.11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦AccordingtoSperberandWilson,thefirstchoiceisessentiallynotcommunicationatall.◦Thesecondchoiceworksforcommunicatingallkindsofinformation.Itisinferentialinnature.11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦Thus,theinferentialmodeldescribescommunicationintermsofintentionsandinferences.11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦Ononeside,speakersprovideevidence(i.e.utterances)oftheirintentiontocommunicatesth.,expectingtheirhearerstorecognizethisintention.◦Onetheotherside,hearerstrytorecognizethespeaker’sintention,seekingtounderstandwhatitisbeingcommunicatedtothem.11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦InGrice’sview,thecentralgoalofpragmaticsistoexplainhowspeaker’simpliedmessagesorimplicaturesareinferredbythehearers.11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦HisansweristhatconversationalistsabidebytheCooperativePrincipleaswellasitsfourmaxims.Thehearersareledtolookforsomeimplicitmeaningtriggeredbythespeaker’sdeliberateviolationofsomemaxim(s).11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦However,Griceleavesmanyquestionsunanswered.Forexample,(p.148)11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦Grice’sconceptualizationofcommunicationprovidesanalternativemodeltothecodemodel.Therecognitionofintentionisnotjustnecessarybutalsosufficientforcommunicationtotheextentthatcommunicationispossibleevenwhennolinguisticcodeisused.Moreoftenthannot,therecognitionofanintentionmayleadtoitsfulfillmentforcompetentcommunicators.11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦Flaw:adequateinthecaseofpurelyinferentialcommunication.Butelevatingittocaptureallformsofcommunication,includinglinguisticcommunication,Gricewouldhavetointerpretencodinganddecodingininferentialterms.11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦However,thisisneitherpossiblenornecessary.◦SperberandWilsontreatlinguisticcommunicationasinvolvingtwodistincttypesofmodesorprocesses:encoding-decodingprocessesandinferentialprocesses.11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦Ingeneral,thetwomodelsarecombinedinlinguisticcommunication.Ononehand,encodinganddecodingdotakeplace.Ontheotherhand,thelinguisticmeaningofutterances,whichoftenfallsshortofencodingwhatspeakersmean,merelyservestohelphearersinferwhattheymean.11.2Communication:theinferentialmodel◦Sincetheoutputofdecodingistreatedasevidenceaboutspeaker’sintention,theencoding-decodingprocessiscomplementaryandsubservienttoGrice’sinferentialprocess.11.3Communication:ostensionandinference明示与推理◦SperberandWilsonproposedanewmodelofcommunication,theostensive-inferentialmodel,inRelevance:CommunicationandCognition(1986).11.3Communication:ostensionandinference◦Communicationentailsthemodificationofourcognitiveenvironment,whichdependsonbothourphysicalenvironmentandourcognitiveabilities.Ourcognitiveenvironmentatoneparticularpointoftimeisasetofourassumptionsabouttheactualworldthataremanifest(i.e.perceivableorinferable)tous.◦Peoplemayhavesomemutualcognitiveenvironment.11.3Communication:ostensionandinference◦Mutualmanifestnessissomestatethatisperceptibleandinferabletoboththecommunicatorandtheaudiencebecausethesharedcognitiveenvironmentscandirectlyprovidenecessaryinformationneededforbothproductionandcomprehension.11.3Communication:ostensionandinference◦Ostension/ostensivebehavior:tomodifytheaudience’scognitiveenvironmentby